Abstract
We conducted laboratory direct shear tests on two parallel coplanar intermittently jointed rock to investigate the effect of joint roughness and loading conditions on the shear behavior and acoustic emission characteristics. Experimental results show that the joint roughness, shear rate, and normal stress positively correlate with the peak shear strength of intermittently jointed rock. For intermittently jointed specimens with different roughness on both sides, the roughness significantly influences the mechanical properties of the jointed rock. The stress concentration at the loading end mainly affects the accumulative acoustic emission (AE) energy before the peak strength and the growth rate of the peak shear strength. In the residual stage, the influence of normal stress on the residual shear strength is greater than that of the shear rate. The damage rate of intermittently jointed rock shows an increasing trend with the increase in roughness, shear rate, and normal stress. However, the effect of roughness on the damage rate is less than that of the shear rate and normal stress.
Highlights
-
The influence of joint roughness and loading conditions on shear behavior and acoustic emission characteristics of two parallel coplanar intermittently jointed rock is studied by direct shear tests.
-
The roughness, shear rate, and normal stress significantly affect the mechanical properties of intermittently jointed rock.
-
Apply the acoustic emission (AE) to investigate the relationship between roughness, shear rate and normal stress on the AE signal.
-
The effect of joint roughness, shear rate and normal stress on shear failure characteristics of rough discontinuous jointed rock mass were investigated.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bahaaddini M, Hagan P, Mitra R, Hebblewhite BK (2016) Numerical study of the mechanical behavior of nonpersistent jointed rock masses. Int J Geomech. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000510
Barton N, Choubey V (1977) The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mech 10:1–54
Cao RH, Cao P, Lin H, Pu CZ, Ou K (2016) Mechanical behavior of brittle rock-like specimens with pre-existing fissures under uniaxial loading: experimental studies and particle mechanics approach. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:763–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0779-x
Cao RH, Cao P, Lin H, Ma G, Chen Y (2018) Failure characteristics of intermittent fissures under a compressive-shear test: Experimental and numerical analyses. Theoret Appl Fract Mech 96:740–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2017.11.002
Chen Q, Liu Y, Pu S (2020) Strength characteristics of nonpenetrating joint rock mass under different shear conditions. Adv Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3579725
Fan W, Cao P (2019) A new 3D JRC calculation method of rock joint based on laboratory-scale morphology testing and its application in shear strength analysis. Bull Eng Geol Env 79:345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01569-0
Gerolymatou E, Triantafyllidis T (2016) Shearing of materials with intermittent joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:2689–2700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-0956-6
Grasselli G (2006) Manuel rocha medal recipient shear strength of rock joints based on quantified surface description. Rock Mech Rock Eng 39:295–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-006-0100-0
Hu J, Li S, Liu H, Li L, Shi S, Qin C (2020) New modified model for estimating the peak shear strength of rock mass containing nonconsecutive joint based on a simulated experiment. Int J Geomech. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001732
Huang D, Guo YQ, Cen DF, Zhong Z, Song YX (2020) Experimental investigation on shear mechanical behavior of sandstone containing a pre-existing flaw under unloading normal stress with constant shear stress. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(8):3779–3792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02136-w
Ishida T, Kanagawa T, Kanaori Y (2010) Source distribution of acoustic emissions during an in situ direct shear test: implications for an analog model of seismogenic faulting in an inhomogeneous rock mass. Eng Geol 110(3):66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.11.003
Lee YK, Park JW, Song JJ (2014) Model for the shear behavior of rock joints under CNL and CNS conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 70:252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.05.005
Li JC, Yuan W, Li HB, Zou CJ (2022) Study on dynamic shear deformation behaviors and test methodology of sawtooth-shaped rock joints under impact load. Int J Rock Mech Min. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2022.105210
Liu Y, Dai F, Fan P, Xu N, Dong L (2017) Experimental investigation of the influence of joint geometric configurations on the mechanical properties of intermittent jointed rock models under cyclic uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50:1453–1471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1190-6
Meng FZ, Zhou H, Li SJ, Zhang CQ, Wang ZQ, Kong L, Zhang LM (2016) Shear behaviour and acoustic emission characteristics of different joints under various stress levels. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(12):4919–4928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1034-9
Meng FZ, Zhou H, Wang ZQ, Zhang LM, Kong L, Li SJ, Zhang CQ (2017) Influences of shear history and infilling on the mechanical characteristics and acoustic emissions of joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(8):2039–2057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1207-1
Meng FZ, Zhou H, Wang Z, Zhang CQ, Li SJ, Zhang LM, Kong L (2018) Characteristics of asperity damage and its influence on the shear behavior of granite joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(2):429–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1315-y
Meng F, Wong LNY, Zhou H, Yu J, Cheng G (2019) Shear Rate effects on the post-peak shear behaviour and acoustic emission characteristics of artificially split granite joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:2155–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1722-8
Moradian ZA, of Einstein HH, Ballivy G, (2016) Detection of cracking levels in brittle rocks by parametric analysis the acoustic emission signals. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(3):785–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0775-1
Moradian ZA, Ballivy G, Rivard P, Gravel C, Rousseau B (2010) Evaluating damage during shear tests of rock joints using acoustic emissions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 4:590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.01.004
Niktabar SMM, Rao KS, Shrivastava AK (2017) Effect of rock joint roughness on its cyclic shear behavior. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9:1071–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.09.001
Pirzada MA, Roshan H, Sun H, Oh J, Andersen MS, Hedayat A, Bahaaddini M (2020) Effect of contact surface area on frictional behaviour of dry and saturated rock joints. J Struct Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104044
Ríos-Bayona F, Johansson F, Mas-Ivars D (2021) Prediction of peak shear strength of natural, unfilled rock joints accounting for matedness based on measured aperture. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54:1533–1550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02340-8
Shang J, West LJ, Hencher SR, Zhao Z (2018) Geological discontinuity persistence: implications and quantification. Eng Geol 241:41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.05.010
Singh HK, Basu A (2016) Shear behaviors of “real” natural un-matching joints of granite with equivalent joint roughness coefficients. Eng Geol 211:120–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.07.004
Singh HK, Basu A (2018) Evaluation of existing criteria in estimating shear strength of natural rock discontinuities. Eng Geol 232:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.11.023
Son BK, Lee CI, Park YJ, Lee UK (2006) Effect of boundary conditions on shear behaviour of rock joints around tunnel. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 21(3):347–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.12.167
Sun PP, Yang XX, Sun DK, Qiao WG, Wu Y (2019) Geometric and mechanical properties of a shear-formed fracture occurring in a rock bridge between discontinuous joints. B Eng Geol Environ 79(3):1365–1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01669-x
Tang ZC, Wong LNY (2015) New criterion for evaluating the peak shear strength of rock joints under different contact states. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:1191–1199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0811-1
Tang ZC, Xia CC, Song YL, Liu T (2012) Discussion about Grasselli’s peak shear strength criterion for rock joints. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 31:356–364
Tian Y, Liu Q, Ma H, Liu Q, Deng PH (2018) New peak shear strength model for cement filled rock joints. Eng Geol 233:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.12.021
Wang G, Zhang XP, Jiang YJ, Wu XZ, Wang SG (2016) Rate-dependent mechanical behavior of rough rock joints. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 83:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.10.013
Wang CS, Jiang YJ, Liu RC, Wang C, Zhang ZY, Satoshi S (2020) Experimental study of the nonlinear flow characteristics of fluid in 3D rough-walled fractures during shear process. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:2581–2604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02068-5
Wang CS, Jiang YJ, Wang G, Luan HJ, Zhang YC, Zhang SH (2022a) Experimental investigation on the shear behavior of the bolt-grout interface under CNL and CNS conditions considering realistic bolt profiles. Geomech Geophys Geo Energy Geo Resour 8(4):1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-022-00416-z
Wang CS, Liu RC, Jiang YJ, Wang G, Luan HJ (2022b) Effect of shear-induced contact area and aperture variations on nonlinear flow behaviors in fractal rock fractures. J Rock Mech Geotech. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.04.014
Xia CC, Xiao WM, Liu YM (2010) Study of mechanical model for weakening process of discontinuous joint rock mass. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 29:1538–1545
Xia CC, Tang ZC, Xiao WM, Song YL (2014) New peak shear strength criterion of rock joints based on quantified surface description. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:387–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0395-6
Yang ZY, Taghichian A, Li WC (2010) Effect of asperity order on the shear response of three-dimensional joints by focusing damage area. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:1012–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.05.008
Yang SQ, Jing HW, Wang SY (2012) Experimental investigation on the strength, deformability, failure behavior and acoustic emission locations of red sandstone under triaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:583–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0208-8
Yang SQ, Chen M, Huang YH, Jing HW, Ranjith PG (2020) An experimental study on fracture evolution mechanism of a non-persistent jointed rock mass with various anchorage effects by DSCM, AE and X-ray CT observations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104469
Yin Q, Jing H, Ma G, Su H, Liu R (2018) Investigating the roles of included angle and loading condition on the critical hydraulic gradient of real rock fracture networks. Rock Mech and Rock Eng 51:3167–3177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1526-x
Yin Q, Liu R, Jing H, Su H, Yu L, He L (2019) Experimental study of nonlinear flow behaviors through fractured rock samples after high temperature exposure. Rock Mech and Rock Eng 52:2963–2983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-1741-0
Yu C, Feng XT, Zheng YR, Wang ZQ, Zhang LM (2016) Experimental study on acoustic emission failure precursors of marble under different stress paths. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 38:1193–1201. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201607005
Zeng S, Jiang B, Sun B (2017) Normal dynamic deformation characteristics ofnon-consecutive jointed rock masses under impact loads. IOP Conf Series: Earth Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/81/1/012153
Zhang K, Cao P, Ma G, Wang W, Fan W, Li K (2016a) Strength, fragmentation and fractal properties of mixed flaws. Acta Geotech 11:901–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0403-y
Zhang X, Jiang Q, Chen N, Wei W, Feng X (2016b) Laboratory investigation on shear behavior of rock joints and a new peak shear strength criterion. Rock Mech and Rock Eng 49:3495–3512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1012-2
Zhang K, Chen Y, Fan W, Liu X, Xie J (2020) Influence of Intermittent artificial crack density on shear fracturing and fractal behavior of rock bridges: experimental and numerical studies. Rock Mech and Rock Eng 53:553–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01928-z
Zhao Z, Peng H, Wu W, Chen YF (2018) Characteristics of shear-induced asperity degradation of rock fractures and implications for solute retardation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 105:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.03.012
Zhao Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Liu Q, Tang L, Cheng G (2020) Experimental study on shear behavior and a revised shear strength model for infilled rock joints. Int J Geomech. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001781
Zhou H, Meng FZ, Zhang CQ, Hu DW, Lu JJ, Xu RC (2014) Investigation of the acoustic emission characteristics of artificial saw-tooth joints under shearing condition. Acta Geotech 11:925–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-014-0359-3
Zhou H, Meng FZ, Zhang CQ, Lu J, Xu R (2015) Experimental study on effect of joints with different locations and sizes on rock failure. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 34:3018–3028
Zhou XP, Wang Y, Xu X (2016) Numerical simulation of initiation, propagation and coalescence of cracks using the non-ordinary state-based peridynamics. Int J Fract 201:213–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-016-0126-6
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52079077).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Data availability statement
Data will be made available on request.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, Y., Wang, G., Li, A. et al. Effects of Joint Roughness, Shear Rate, and Normal Stress on Shear Behavior and Acoustic Emission Characteristics in Two Parallel Coplanar Intermittently Jointed Rock: An Experimental Study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 1289–1303 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-03137-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-03137-7