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Minimally invasive endoscopy in spine surgery: where are we now?

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Abstract

Introduction

Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique that offers comparable efficacy and safety with less collateral damage compared to conventional surgery. To achieve clinical success, it is imperative to stay abreast of technological advancements, modern surgical instruments and technique, and updated evidence.

Purposes

To provide a comprehensive review and updates of ESS including the nomenclature, technical evolution, bibliometric analysis of evidence, recent changes in the spine communities, the prevailing of biportal endoscopy, and the future of endoscopic spine surgery.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on ESS for the mentioned topics from January 1989 to November 2022. Three major electronic databases were searched, including MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase. Covidence Systematic Review was used to organize the eligible records. Two independent reviewers screened the articles for relevance.

Results

In total, 312 articles were finally included for review. We found various use of nomenclatures in the field of ESS publication. To address this issue, we proposed the use of distinct terms to describe the biportal and uniportal techniques, as well as their specific approaches. In the realm of technical advancement, ESS has rapidly evolved from addressing disc herniation and spinal stenosis to encompassing endoscopic fusion, along with technological innovations such as navigation, robotics, and augmented reality. According to bibliometric analysis, China, South Korea, and the USA have accounted for almost three-quarters of total publications. The studies of the biportal endoscopy are becoming increasingly popular in South Korea where the top ten most-cited articles have been published. The biportal endoscopy technique is relatively simple to adopt, as it relies on a more familiar approach, requires less expensive instruments, has a shorter learning curve, and is also well-suited for interbody fusion. The uniportal approach provided the smallest area of soft tissue dissection. While robotics and augmented reality in ESS are not widely embraced, the use of navigation in ESS is expected to become more streamlined, particularly with the emergence of recent electromagnetic-based navigation technologies.

Conclusions

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of ESS, as well as an updated summary of current trends in the field, including the biportal and uniportal approaches. Additionally, we summarize the nomenclature used in ESS, present a bibliometric analysis of the field, and discuss future directions for the advancement of the field.

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Data Availability

Data will be available by contacting Jin-sung Kim, the corresponding author, at the above address.

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Acknowledgements

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Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Spine Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Queen Savang Vadhana Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Chonburi, Thailand

    Khanathip Jitpakdee

  2. Spine Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea

    Khanathip Jitpakdee, Yanting Liu, Siravich Suvithayasiri & Jin-sung Kim

  3. Endoscopic Spine Surgery Center, Neurosurgery, Champodonamu Spine Hospital, Seoul, South Korea

    Dong Hwa Heo

  4. Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Vit Kotheeranurak

  5. Center of Excellence in Biomechanics and Innovative Spine Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Vit Kotheeranurak

  6. Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Centre, Chulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand

    Siravich Suvithayasiri

Authors
  1. Khanathip Jitpakdee
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  2. Yanting Liu
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  3. Dong Hwa Heo
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  4. Vit Kotheeranurak
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  5. Siravich Suvithayasiri
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  6. Jin-sung Kim
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Contributions

Conceptualization: KJ; Methodology: YL, KJ; Formal analysis and investigation: YL, KJ; Writing—original draft preparation: KJ, KL; Writing—review and editing: KJ, VK, SS; Supervision: J-SK, DHH.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jin-sung Kim.

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Conflict of interest

Author JSK is consultant to RiwoSpine, GmbH, Germany, and Elliquence, LLC, USA. The mentioned disclosure was not related to the present article.

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Jitpakdee, K., Liu, Y., Heo, D.H. et al. Minimally invasive endoscopy in spine surgery: where are we now?. Eur Spine J 32, 2755–2768 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-023-07622-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-023-07622-7

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