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Ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity and community structure with natural and cultivated truffle hosts: applying lessons learned to future truffle culture

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Abstract

Since the first truffle plantations were established in France, Italy and other parts in the world, many studies have been carried out to improve their productivity and sustainability. Success of plantations is clearly related to the mycorrhizal status of the host trees over the years, from inoculated seedlings to truffle-producing trees. The experience gained in monitoring the ectomycorrhizal fungus status in cultivated truffle grounds has allowed us to develop an extensive catalogue of the ectomycorrhizal fungi present in truffle plantations. Herein, we summarize fungal community data from 85 references that represent different truffle studies in natural habitats and plantations. Approximately 25 % of the ectomycorrhizae reported in the 85 references are common to most of the studies. In general, more fungal species are detected in productive plantations than in the non-productive ones. Truffle plantations display a diverse ectomycorrhizal fungal community, in which species of the genus Tuber are well represented. Tuber rufum and some members of Boletales are typically restricted to productive truffle plots. On the other hand, Hebeloma, Laccaria and Russula species are mostly associated with unproductive plots. Ectomycorrhizae belonging to Thelephoraceae are frequently found in mature truffle orchards but do not seem to affect sporocarp production. Several biotic and abiotic factors affect the ectomycorrhizal fungus communities associated with truffle orchards. Among them are plantation age, host species and its growth, the surrounding environment (particularly the presence of other ectomycorrhizal hosts), and plantation management. Understanding the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities inhabiting different plantations may give us clues about the dynamics of the targeted truffles and the possibility of identifying mycorrhizal fungal species that are good indicators of successful truffle plantations.

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Acknowledgments

This paper is intended as a tribute to the pioneers who started collecting, observing and describing ectomycorrhizae in truffle plantations: Prof. Mattia Bencivenga, Dr. Gérard Chevalier, Michel Giraud, Prof. Bruno Granetti, Prof. Mario Palenzona, Dr. Gian Luigi Gregori and Prof. Alessandra Zambonelli. The authors thank Spanish truffle plantation owners for their inestimable collaboration throughout the years. We specifically thank Raimundo Sáez for the innumerable mycorrhizae collected in the field, and also to truffle hunters Feliciano Zamora and Javier Lander for sharing their invaluable truffle knowledge. The authors would like also to thank the comments, suggestions and ideas of the two anonymous reviewers and those of the Guest Editor of this special issue, Prof. Alessandra Zambonelli, and of the Editor of this journal, Dr. Randy Molina, which have considerably improved the original version of this work. Financial support for this research was partially provided by the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO), projects AGL2012-40035-C03 and AGL2009-12884-C03.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, Pamplona, 31008, Spain

    Ana María De Miguel

  2. Soria, Spain

    Beatriz Águeda

  3. Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Avenida de Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain

    Sergio Sánchez

  4. IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. de Cabrils km. 2, Cabrils, Barcelona, 08348, Spain

    Javier Parladé

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  1. Ana María De Miguel
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Correspondence to Ana María De Miguel.

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De Miguel, A.M., Águeda, B., Sánchez, S. et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity and community structure with natural and cultivated truffle hosts: applying lessons learned to future truffle culture. Mycorrhiza 24 (Suppl 1), 5–18 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0554-3

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