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Establishment of ectomycorrhizal fungal community on isolated Nothofagus cunninghamii seedlings regenerating on dead wood in Australian wet temperate forests: does fruit-body type matter?

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Abstract

Decaying wood provides an important habitat for animals and forms a seed bed for many shade-intolerant, small-seeded plants, particularly Nothofagus. Using morphotyping and rDNA sequence analysis, we compared the ectomycorrhizal fungal community of isolated N. cunninghamii seedlings regenerating in decayed wood against that of mature tree roots in the forest floor soil. The /cortinarius, /russula-lactarius, and /laccaria were the most species-rich and abundant lineages in forest floor soil in Australian sites at Yarra, Victoria and Warra, Tasmania. On root tips of seedlings in dead wood, a subset of the forest floor taxa were prevalent among them species of /laccaria, /tomentella-thelephora, and /descolea, but other forest floor dominants were rare. Statistical analyses suggested that the fungal community differs between forest floor soil and dead wood at the level of both species and phylogenetic lineage. The fungal species colonizing isolated seedlings on decayed wood in austral forests were taxonomically dissimilar to the species dominating in similar habitats in Europe. We conclude that formation of a resupinate fruit body type on the underside of decayed wood is not necessarily related to preferential root colonization in decayed wood. Rather, biogeographic factors as well as differential dispersal and competitive abilities of fungal taxa are likely to play a key role in structuring the ectomycorrhizal fungal community on isolated seedlings in decaying wood.

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Acknowledgements

We thank G. Kantvilas, D. Ratkowsky, N. Ruut, and D. Puskaric for support in Tasmania and D. Ratkowsky for helpful suggestions on an earlier draft of the manuscript. This study was funded by Estonian Science Foundation grants no. 6606, 7434, JD92, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Kristjan Jaak scholarship and FIBIR/rloomtipp. G. Gates is supported by Forestry Tasmania, Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment Fund, CRC for Forestry and Bushfire.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Leho Tedersoo, Urmas Kõljalg & Teele Jairus

  2. Natural History Museum of Tartu University, 46 Vanemuise Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Leho Tedersoo & Teele Jairus

  3. Schools of Agricultural Science and Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia

    Genevieve Gates

  4. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Melbourne, Victoria, 3141, Australia

    Chris W. Dunk, Teresa Lebel & Tom W. May

  5. Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia

    Chris W. Dunk

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  1. Leho Tedersoo
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  2. Genevieve Gates
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  3. Chris W. Dunk
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  4. Teresa Lebel
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Correspondence to Leho Tedersoo.

Appendix

Appendix

Identification, site, and substrate preference of EcM fungi; P values of Fisher’s exact test for biased frequency towards sites and substrates are indicated. Statistically significant differences following sharpening procedure of the Benhamini–Hochberg corrections (see “Materials and methods”) are shown in bold.

Species identified

UNITE accession

Identification of species: best BLASTn match(es) in

Species relative frequency / abundance (%)

P value for differences between substrates

INSD and/or UNITE

Yarra

Warra

Soil

CWD

Soil

CWD

Species

Specimen accession number

ID (%)c

(n = 16)

(n = 10)

(n = 22)

(n = 42)

Cortinarius sp3

UDB004000

Thaxterogaster albocanus AF325599

93.1

56.3/16.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

<0.001

Russula sp9

UDB004001

Russula crustosa EU598194

89.2

50.0/21.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.001

Laccaria sp7

UDB004002

Laccaria laccata AJ699075

94.2

43.8/9.3

60.0/60.2

0.0/0.0

7.1/3.3

1.000

7terfezia-peziza depressa lineage sp2

UDB004003

Peziza badia DQ384574

77.7

37.5/5.6

0.0/0.0

18.2/3.0

7.1/4.3

0.013

Sordariales sp2

UDB004004

Vateriopsis EcM fungus AM412279

89.6

37.5/2.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.160

Rhodoveronaea varioseptata EU041813

86.0

     

Descolea sp10

UDB004005

Setchelliogaster australiensis AF325628

97.5

31.3/5.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.011

Cortinarius sp26

UDB004006

Cortinarius amoenus UDB001007

93.7

31.3/13.3

0.0/0.0

18.2/0.5

0.0/0.0

<0.001

Cortinarius sp13

UDB004007

Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus AY669651

94.7

25.0/9.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.029

Tomentella sp2

UDB004008

Tomentella lateritia UDB000268

93.9

18.8/1.1

20.0/14.8

31.8/3.7

28.6/17.3

1.000

Tomentella sp18

UDB004009

Tomentella lateritia UDB000963

89.5

12.5/3.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp28

UDB004010

Cortinarius walkeri AY669632

96.5

12.5/2.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp25

UDB004011

Quadrispora tubercularis DQ328113

94.4

12.5/1.6

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Tomentella sp17

UDB004012

Tomentella lilacinogrisea UDB000272

92.8

12.5/0.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp31

UDB004013

Cortinarius collariatus AY033115

94.4

12.5/0.6

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp27

UDB004014

Thaxterogaster albocanus AF325599

94.7

12.5/0.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Laccaria sp8

UDB004015

Laccaria laccata AJ699075

95.0

6.3/3.6

10.0/9.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Descolea sp8

UDB004016

Descomyces albus DQ328168

94.6

6.3/1.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp29

UDB004017

Thaxterogaster levisporus DQ328105

93.5

6.3/0.6

0.0/0.0

9.1/0.8

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Russula sp10

UDB004018

Russula clelandii DQ328136

93.9

6.3/0.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Laccaria sp9

UDB004019

Laccaria laccata AJ699075

98.2

6.3/0.3

10.0/7.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Descolea sp7

UDB004020

Descomyces albus DQ328168

93.9

6.3/0.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Descolea sp9

UDB004021

Descomyces sp. DQ328062

99.0

6.3/0.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Elaphomyces sp

UDB004022

Elaphomyces muricatus DQ974740

87.7

6.3/0.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Inocybe sp6

UDB004023

Inocybe subnudipes AM882809

85.7

0.0/0.0

10.0/5.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Descolea sp11

UDB004024

Setchelliogaster australiensis AF325628

99.2

0.0/0.0

10.0/2.5

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cenococcum sp

UDB004025

Pinus EcM root tip (Japan) AB251837

99.6

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

72.7/7.8

16.7/9.4

0.001

Cenococcum geophilum AB089816

99.1

     

Clavulina sp12

UDB004026

Clavulina cinerea AY456339

83.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

36.4/4.8

0.0/0.0

<0.001

Helotiales sp61

UDB004027

Bryoglossum gracile AY789421

85.9

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

31.8/7.5

0.0/0.0

0.001

Helotiales sp4

UDB004028

Roesleria subterranea EF060309

86.5

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

31.8/4.7

16.7/6.9

1.000

Tomentella sp7

UDB004029

Tomentella badia UDB001656

92.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

31.8/2.5

4.8/1.1

0.033

Sordariales sp1

UDB004030

Vateriopsis EcM fungus AM412279

88.6

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

27.3/9.6

7.1/4.7

n.d.

Rhodoveronaea varioseptata EU041813

86.3

     

Tomentella sp21

UDB004031

Tomentella lateritia UDB000268

91.5

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

27.3/1.8

0.0/0.0

0.004

Russula sp1

UDB004032

Russula persanguinea EU019916

99.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

22.7/3.4

0.0/0.0

0.011

Endogone sp

UDB004033

Endogone pisiformis AF006511

Partiald

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

22.7/1.1

2.4/2.4

n.d.

Sebacina sp4

UDB004034

Sebacina helvelloides AJ966750

90.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

18.2/5.9

0.0/0.0

0.029

Boletaceae sp2

UDB004035

Xerocomus chrysonemus DQ066383

84.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

18.2/0.6

0.0/0.0

0.029

Russula sp11

UDB004036

Russula clelandii DQ328136

93.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

13.6/0.7

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Laccaria sp1

UDB004037

Laccaria laccata AJ699075

95.9

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/3.5

7.1/5.1

1.000

Cortinarius sp44

UDB004038

Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus AY669651

95.9

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/2.7

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Sordariales sp5

UDB004039

Vateriopsis EcM fungus AM412279

89.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/2.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Rhodoveronaea varioseptata EU041813

86.0

     

Russula sp12

UDB004040

Russula pallidospora DQ422032

84.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/2.3

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Clavulina sp10

UDB004041

Clavulina cinerea AY456339

79.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/1.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp41

UDB004042

Cortinarius subcastanellus AY669623

93.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/1.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Sebacina sp6

UDB004043

Tremellodendron pallidum AF384862

92.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/1.4

2.4/0.2

n.d.

Inocybe sp8

UDB004044

Inocybe hystrix AM882810

79.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/1.4

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Piloderma sp4

UDB004045

Piloderma olivaceum DQ469291

85.6

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/1.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp56

UDB004046

Cortinarius teraturgus AF389151

91.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/1.0

2.4/0.7

n.d.

Descolea sp1

UDB004047

Descolea phlebophora AF325656

100.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/0.7

2.4/1.2

n.d.

Laccaria sp10

UDB004048

Laccaria laccata AJ699075

97.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/0.4

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp47

UDB004049

Thaxterogaster levisporus DQ328105

93.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/0.2

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Tomentellopsis sp4

UDB004050

Tomentellopsis zygodesmoides AJ410761

93.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.1/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Helotiales sp60

UDB004051

Leptodontidium elatius AY787713

86.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/3.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp39

UDB004052

Cortinarius teraturgus AF389151

93.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/2.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Boletaceae sp3

UDB004053

Chamonixia caespitosa DQ534565

81.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/2.3

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp46

UDB004054

Cortinarius ochrophyllus UDB000675

95.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/1.6

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp53

UDB004055

Thaxterogaster levisporus DQ328105

94.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/1.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp42

UDB004056

Cortinarius huronensis UDB002251

95.9

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/1.0

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Russula sp14

UDB004057b

Russula sp. MEL2238395 EU019920

100.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.9

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp50

UDB004058

Cortinarius walkeri AY669632

96.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.7

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp54

UDB004059

Cortinarius collariatus AY033115

94.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.7

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp45

UDB004060

Cortinarius amoenus AF389160

92.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.6

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Boletaceae sp4

UDB004061a

Boletellus projectellus DQ534582

99.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.5

2.4/1.7

n.d.

Clavulina sp14

UDB004062

Clavulina cinerea AY456339

85.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp4

UDB004063

Cortinarius badiovinaceus UDB002221

94.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp43

UDB004064

Cortinarius badiovinaceus UDB002221

96.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp49

UDB004065

Cortinarius delibutus AY669587

92.5

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp51

UDB004066

Cortinarius cephalixus AY174784

93.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.5

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Amanita sp2

UDB004067b

Amanita rubescens AF097383

98.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.3

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp48

UDB004068

Thaxterogaster sp DQ328183

94.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.2

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Russula sp3

UDB004069

Russula ingwa EU019919

94.5

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.2

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Sordariales sp3

UDB004070

Vateriopsis EcM fungus AM412279

88.6

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.2

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Rhodoveronaea varioseptata EU041813

86.2

     

Unidentified sp7

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.2

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Laccaria sp2

UDB004071

Laccaria laccata AJ699075

97.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

9.5/9.4

0.392

Tulasnella sp3

UDB004072

Stelis orchid mycorrhizal fungus DQ178118

76.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

4.8/1.2

n.d.

Tulasnella tomaculum AY373296

partial

     

Clavulina sp13

UDB004073

Clavulina cinerea AY456339

80.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

2.4/1.7

n.d.

Tomentella sp3

UDB004074

Tomentella lilacinogrisea UDB000953

93.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

2.4/0.7

n.d.

/hebeloma-alnicola lineage sp1

UDB004075

Alnicola escharoides AF124714

90.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

2.4/0.5

n.d.

Russula sp13

UDB004076

Russula clelandii DQ328136

93.9

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

2.4/0.1

n.d.

Descolea sp2

UDB004077

Descolea recedens AF325650

99.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

11.9/7.1

0.395

Boletaceae sp5

UDB004078a

Leccinum duriusculum AF484444

99.7

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Clavulina sp11

UDB004079

Clavulina sp DQ822798

78.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Clavulina sp16

UDB004080

Clavulina sp. DQ822798

78.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp38

UDB004081

Cortinarius walkeri AY669632

94.1

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp40

UDB004082

Thaxterogaster sp. DQ328121

94.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp52

UDB004083

Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus AY669651

94.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp55

UDB004084

Thaxterogaster sp. DQ328183

97.9

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Cortinarius sp57

UDB004085

Cortinarius amoenus AF389160

95.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Laccaria sp3

UDB004086

Laccaria laccata AJ699075

99.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Lactarius sp4

UDB004087

Lactarius gerardii EF560688

82.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Sordariales sp4

UDB004088

Vateriopsis EcM fungus AM412279

89.4

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Rhodoveronaea varioseptata EU041813

86.0

     

Tomentellopsis sp3

UDB0040892

Tomentellopsis bresadoliana EU118674

99.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Unidentified sp6

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.5/0.1

0.0/0.0

n.d.

Tomentella sp19

UDB004090

Tomentella botryoides UDB000258

94.9

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

9.5/7.1

n.d.

Clavulina sp7

UDB004091

Clavulina cristata EF559274

84.3

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

7.1/6.7

n.d.

Inocybe sp10

UDB004092

Inocybe lanuginosa DQ367905

86.6

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

4.8/2.5

n.d.

Cortinarius sp36

UDB004093

Cortinarius walkeri AY669632

95.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/2.4

n.d.

Sebacina sp7

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/2.3

n.d.

Clavulina sp17

UDB004094

Clavulina cinerea AY456339

83.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/1.3

n.d.

Clavulina sp18

UDB004095

Clavulina cristata EF559274

partial

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/0.5

n.d.

Inocybe sp7

UDB004096

Inocybe ambigua AM882800

85.2

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/0.5

n.d.

Clavulina sp15

UDB004097

Clavulina cristata EF559274

93.8

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/0.2

n.d.

Cortinarius sp37

UDB004098

Cortinarius amoenus AF389160

94.5

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/0.1

n.d.

Sebacina sp5

UDB004099

Tremellodendron sp. DQ411526

89.5

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

0.0/0.0

2.4/0.1

n.d.

  1. n.d. not determined
  2. aIdentification based on mtLSU sequence
  3. bIdentification based on nuLSU sequence
  4. cIdentical nucleotides (%) spanning the whole length of the ITS region (comprising ITS1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2)
  5. dSequences only partially alignable

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Tedersoo, L., Gates, G., Dunk, C.W. et al. Establishment of ectomycorrhizal fungal community on isolated Nothofagus cunninghamii seedlings regenerating on dead wood in Australian wet temperate forests: does fruit-body type matter?. Mycorrhiza 19, 403–416 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0244-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0244-3

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