Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Further advances in orchid mycorrhizal research

  • Review
  • Published:
Mycorrhiza Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Orchid mycorrhizas are mutualistic interactions between fungi and members of the Orchidaceae, the world’s largest plant family. The majority of the world’s orchids are photosynthetic, a small number of species are myco-heterotrophic throughout their lifetime, and recent research indicates a third mode (mixotrophy) whereby green orchids supplement their photosynthetically fixed carbon with carbon derived from their mycorrhizal fungus. Molecular identification studies of orchid-associated fungi indicate a wide range of fungi might be orchid mycobionts, show common fungal taxa across the globe and support the view that some orchids have specific fungal interactions. Confirmation of mycorrhizal status requires isolation of the fungi and restoration of functional mycorrhizas. New methods may now be used to store orchid-associated fungi and store and germinate seed, leading to more efficient culture of orchid species. However, many orchid mycorrhizas must be synthesised before conservation of these associations can be attempted in the field. Further gene expression studies of orchid mycorrhizas are needed to better understand the establishment and maintenance of the interaction. These data will add to efforts to conserve this diverse and valuable association.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abadie J-C, Püttsepp Ü, Gebauer G, Faccio A, Bonfante P, Selosse M-A (2006) Cephalanthera longifolia (Neottieae, Orchidaceae) is mixotrophic: a comparative study between green and nonphotosynthetic individuals. Can J Bot 84:1462–1477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akiyama K, Matsuzaki K, Hayashi H (2005) Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435:824–827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander C, Hadley G (1985) Carbon movement between host and mycorrhizal endophyte during the development of the orchid Goodyera repens Br. New Phytol 101:657–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander C, Alexander IJ, Hadley G (1984) Phosphate uptake by Goodyera repens in relation to mycorrhizal infection. New Phytol 97:401–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balestrini R, Lanfranco L (2006) Fungal and plant gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 16:509–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batty AL, Dixon KW, Brundrett MC, Sivasithamparam K (2001) Long-term storage of mycorrhizal fungi and seed as a tool for the conservation of endangered Western Australian terrestrial orchids. Aust J Bot 49:619–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batty AL, Brundrett MC, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (2006a) New methods to improve symbiotic propagation of temperate terrestrial orchid seedlings from axenic culture to soil. Aust J Bot 54:367–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batty AL, Brundrett MC, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (2006b) In situ symbiotic seed germination and propagation of terrestrial orchid seedlings for establishment at field sites. Aust J Bot 54:375–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayman P, Gonzalez EJ, Fumero JJ, Tremblay RL (2002) Are fungi necessary? How fungicides affect growth and survival of the orchid Lepanthes rupestris in the field. J Ecol 90:1002–1008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berch SM, Allen TR, Berbee ML (2002) Molecular detection, community structure and phylogeny of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 244:55–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidartondo MI (2005) The evolution of myco-heterotrophy. New Phytol 167:335–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bidartondo MI, Bruns TD, Weiß M, Sergio C, Read DJ (2003) Specialised cheating of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis by an epiparasitic liverwort. Proc R Soc Lond B 270:835–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bidartondo MI, Burghardt B, Gebauer G, Bruns TD, Read DJ (2004) Changing partners in the dark: isotopic and molecular evidence of ectomycorrhizal liaisons between forest orchids and trees. Proc R Soc Lond B 271:1799–1806

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binder M, Hibbett DS, Larsson KH, Larsson E, Langer E, Langer G (2005) The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes). Syst Biodivers 3:113–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boddington M, Dearnaley JDW (2007) Morphological and molecular identification of fungal endophytes from roots of Dendrobium speciosum. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. (in press)

  • Bonnardeaux Y, Brundrett M, Batty A, Dixon K, Koch J, Sivasithamparam (2007) Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in terrestrial orchids: compatability webs, brief encounters, lasting relationships and alien invasions. Mycol Res 111:51–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bougoure JJ, Dearnaley JDW (2005) The fungal endophytes of Dipodium variegatum (Orchidaceae). Australas Mycol 24:15–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Bougoure JJ, Bougoure DS, Cairney JWG, Dearnaley JDW (2005) ITS-RFLP and sequence analysis of endophytes from Acianthus, Caladenia and Pterostylis (Orchidaceae) in southeastern Queensland. Mycol Res 109:452–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brundrett MC, Scade A, Batty AL, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (2003) Development of in situ and ex situ seed baiting techniques to detect mycorrhizal fungi from terrestrial orchid habitats. Mycol Res 107:1210–1220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron DD, Leake JR, Read DJ (2006) Mutualistic mycorrhiza in orchids: evidence from plant-fungus carbon and nitrogen transfers in the green-leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. New Phytol 171:405–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron DD, Johnson I, Leake JR, Read DJ (2007) Mycorrhizal acquisition of inorganic phosphorus by the green-leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. Ann Bot 99:831–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claridge AW, May TW (1994) Mycophagy among Australian mammals. Aust J Ecol 19:251–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dearnaley JDW (2006) The fungal endophytes of Erythrorchis cassythoides—is this orchid saprophytic or parasitic? Australas Mycol 25:51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Dearnaley JDW, Le Brocque AF (2006) Molecular identification of the primary root fungal endophytes of Dipodium hamiltonianum (Yellow hyacinth orchid). Aust J Bot 54:487–491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dearnaley JDW, McGee PA (1996) An intact microtubule cytoskeleton is not necessary for interfacial matrix formation in orchid mycorrhizas. Mycorrhiza 6:175–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diez JM (2007) Hierachical patterns of symbiotic orchid germination linked to adult proximity and environmental gradients. J Ecol 95:159–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duplessis S, Courty P-E, Tagu D, Martin F (2005). Transcript patterns associated with ectomycorrhiza development in Eucalyptus globulus and Pisolithus microcarpus. New Phytol 165:599–611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frettinger P, Derory J, Herrmann S, Plomion C, Lapeyrie F, Oelmuller R, Martin F, Buscot F (2007) Transcriptional changes in two types of pre-mycorrhizal roots and in ectomycorrhizas of oak microcuttings inoculated with Pilodema croceum. Planta 225:331–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerherdt L, Petit S, Jusaitis M (2005) Distribution of mycorrhizal fungus associated with the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Arachnorchis (syn. Caladenia) behrii) at Warren Conservation Park in South Australia. NZ J Bot 43:367–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay RD (2005) Mycorrhizal symbiosis: myths, misconceptions, new perspectives and future research priorities. Mycologist 19:90–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebauer G, Meyer M (2003) 15N and 13C natural abundance of autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids provides insight into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal association. New Phytol 160:209–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girlanda M, Selosse MA, Cafasso D, Brilli F, Delfine S, Fabbian R, Ghignone S, Pinelli P, Segreto R, Loreto F, Cozzolino S, Perotto S (2006) Inefficient photosynthesis in the Mediterranean orchid Limodorum abortivum is mirrored by specific association to ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae. Mol Ecol 15:491–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glen M, Tommerup IC, Bougher NL, O’Brien PA (2002) Are Sebacinaceae common and widespread ectomycorrhizal associates of Eucalyptus species in Australian forests? Mycorrhiza 12:243–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez D, Cubeta MA, Vilgalys R (2006) Phylogenetic utility of indels within ribosomal DNA and β-tubulin sequences from fungi in the Rhizoctonia solani species complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:459–470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griesbach RJ (2002) Development of Phalaenopsis orchids for the mass-market. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS, Alexandria, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Güimil S, Chang H-S, Zhu T, Sesma A, Osbourn A, Roux C, Ioannidis V, Oakeley EJ, Docquier M, Descombes P, Briggs SP, Paszkowski U (2005) Comparative transcriptomics of rice reveals an ancient pattern of response to microbial colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:8066–8070

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley G, Purves S (1974) Movement of 14Carbon from host to fungus in orchid mycorrhiza. New Phytol 73:475–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley G, Williamson B (1972) Features of mycorrhizal infection in some Malayan orchids. New Phytol 71:1111–1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison MJ (1996) A sugar transporter from Medicago truncatula: altered expression pattern in roots during vesicular-arbsucular (VA) mycorrhizal associations. Plant J 9:491–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hause B, Fester T (2005) Molecular and cell biology of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Planta 221:184–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh TT, McLean CB, Coates F, Lawrie AC (2004) Effect of developmental stage and peloton morphology on success in isolation of mycorrhizal fungi in Caladenia formosa (Orchidaceae). Aust J Bot 52:231–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illyes Z, Rudnoy S, Bratek Z (2005) Aspects of in situ, in vitro germination and mycorrhizal partners of Liparis loeselii. Acta Biol Szeged 49:137–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin MJ, Bougoure JJ, Dearnaley JDW (2007) Pterostylis nutans (Orchidaceae) has a specific association with two Ceratobasidium root associated fungi across its range in Eastern Australia. Mycoscience (in press)

  • Jones DL (2006) A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the Island Territories. Reed New Holland, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Julou T, Burghardt B, Gebauer G, Berveiller D, Damesin C, Selosse M-A (2005) Mixotrophy in orchids: insights from a comparative study of green individuals and nonphotosynthetic individuals of Cephalanthera damasonium. New Phytol 166:639–653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristiansen KA, Taylor DL, Kjoller R, Rasmussen HN, Rosendahl S (2001) Identification of mycorrhizal fungi from single pelotons of Dactylorhiza majalis (Orchidaceae) using single-strand conformation polymorphism and mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit DNA sequences. Mol Ecol 10:2089–2093

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristiansen KA, Freudenstein JV, Rasmussen FN, Rasmussen HN (2004) Molecular identification of mycorrhizal fungi in Neuwiedia veratrifolia (Orchidaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 33:251–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leake JR (1994) The biology of myco-heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants. New Phytol 127:171–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leake JR (2005) Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the “saprophytic” plant myth. Mycologist 19:113–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma M, Tan TK, Wong SM (2003) Identification and molecular phylogeny of Epulorhiza isolates from tropical orchids. Mycol Res 107:1041–1049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masuhara G, Katsuya K (1994) In situ and in vitro specificity between Rhizoctonia spp. and Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon) Ames. var. amoena (M. Biebertsien) Hara (Orchidaceae). New Phytol 127:711–718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick MK, Whigham DF, O’Neill J (2004) Mycorrhizal diversity in photosynthetic terrestrial orchids. New Phytol 163:425–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick MK, Whigham DF, Sloan D, O’Malley K, Hodkinson B (2006) Orchid-fungus fidelity: a marriage meant to last? Ecology 87:903–911

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKendrick SL, Leake JR, Read DJ (2000) Symbiotic germination and development of myco-heterotrophic plants in nature: transfer of carbon from ectomycorrhizal Salix repens and Betula pendula to the orchid Corallorhiza trifida through shared hyphal connections. New Phytol 145:539–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKendrick SL, Leake JR, Taylor DL, Read DJ (2002) Symbiotic germination and development of the myco-heterotrophic orchid Neottia nidus-avis in nature and its requirement for locally distributed Sebacina spp. New Phytol 154:233–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Midgley DJ, Jordan LA, Saleeba JA, McGee PA (2006) Utilisation of carbon substrates by orchid and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi from Australian dry sclerophyll forests. Mycorrhiza 16:175–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otero JT, Ackerman JD, Bayman P (2002) Diversity and host specificity of endophytic Rhizoctonia-like fungi from tropical orchids. Am J Bot 89:1852–1858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otero JT, Ackerman JD, Bayman P (2004) Diversity in mycorrhizal preferences between two tropical orchids. Mol Ecol 13:2393–2404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otero JT, Bayman P, Ackerman JD (2005) Variation in mycorrhizal performance in the epiphytic orchid Tolumnia variegata in vitro: the potential for natural selection. Evol Ecol 19:29–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira OL, Rollemberg CL, Borges AC, Matsuoka K, Kasuya MCM (2003) Epulorhiza epiphytica sp. nov. isolated from mycorrhizal roots of epiphytic orchids in Brazil. Mycoscience 44:153–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira OL, Kasuya MCM, Borges AC, de Araujo EF (2005) Morphological and molecular characterization of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from neotropical orchids in Brazil. Can J Bot 83:54–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen HN (2002) Recent developments in the study of orchid mycorrhiza. Plant Soil 244:149–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangtiean T, Schmidt S (2002) Growth of subtropical ECM fungi with different nitrogen sources using a new floating culture technique. Mycol Res 106:74–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scade A, Brundrett MC, Batty AL, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K (2006) Survival of transplanted terrestrial orchid seedlings in urban bushland habitats with high or low weed cover. Aust J Bot 54:383–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Selosse M-A, Weiß M, Jany J-L, Tillier A (2002a) Communities and populations of sebacinoid basidiomycetes associated with the achlorophyllous orchid Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.C.M. Rich. and neighbouring tree ectomycorrhizae. Mol Ecol 11:1831–1844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selosse M-A, Bauer R, Moyersoen B (2002b) Basal hymenomycetes belonging to the Sebacinaceae are ectomycorrhizal on temperate deciduous trees. New Phytol 155:183–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selosse M-A, Faccio A, Scappaticci G, Bonfante P (2004) Chlorophyllous and achlorophyllous specimens of Epipactis microphylla (Neottieae, Orchidaceae) are associated with ectomycorrhizal septomycetes, including truffles. Microb Ecol 47:416–426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selosse M-A, Richard F, He X, Simard SW (2006) Mycorrhizal networks: des liaisons dangereuses? Trends Ecol Evol 21:621–628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shan XC, Liew ECY, Weatherhead MA, Hodgkiss IJ (2002) Characterisation and taxonomic placement of Rhizoctonia-like endophytes from orchid roots. Mycologia 94:230–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma J, Zettler LW, Van Sambeek JW (2003) A survey of mycobionts of federally threatened Platanthera pracelara (Orchidaceae). Symbiosis 34:145–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharon M, Kuninaga S, Hyakumachi M, Sneh B (2006) The advancing identification and classification of Rhizoctonia spp. Using molecular and biotechnological methods compared with the classical anastomosis grouping. Mycoscience 47:299–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shefferson RP, Weiß M, Kull T, Taylor DL (2005). High specificity generally characterises mycorrhizal association in rare lady’s slipper orchids, genus Cypripedium. Mol Ecol 14:613–626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimura H, Koda Y (2005) Enhanced symbiotic seed germination of Cypripedium macranthos var. rebunense following inoculation after cold treatment. Physiol Plant 123:281–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SE, Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart SL, Kane ME (2006) Symbiotic seed germination of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 86:159–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez JP, Weiß M, Abele A, Garnica S, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I (2006) Diverse tulasnelloid fungi form mycorrhizas with epiphytic orchids in an Andean cloud forest. Mycol Res 110:1257–1270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor DL, Bruns TD (1997) Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4510–4515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor DL, Bruns TD (1999) Population, habitat and genetic correlates of mycorrhizal specialization in the ‘cheating’ orchids Corallorhiza maculata and C. mertensiana. Mol Ecol 8:1719–1732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor DL, Bruns TD, Szaro TM, Hodges SA (2003) Divergence in mycorrhizal specialization within Hexalectris spicata (Orchidaceae), a nonphotosynthetic desert orchid. Am J Bot 90:1168–1179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor DL, Bruns TD, Hodges SA (2004) Evidence for mycorrhizal races in a cheating orchid. Proc R Soc Lond B 271:35–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trudell SA, Rygiewicz PT, Edmonds RL (2003) Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope abundances support the myco-heterotrophic nature and host specificity of certain achlorophyllous plants. New Phytol 160:391–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warcup JH (1971) Specificity of mycorrhizal association in some Australian terrestrial orchids. New Phytol 70:41–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warcup JH (1981) The mycorrhizal relationships of Australian orchids. New Phytol 87:371–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warcup JH (1985) Rhizanthella gardneri (Orchidaceae), its Rhizoctonia endophyte and close association with Melaleuca uncinata (Myrtaceae) in Western Australia. New Phytol 99:273–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warcup JH (1988) Mycorrhizal associations of isolates of Sebacina vermifera. New Phytol 110:227–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warcup JH (1991) The Rhizoctonia endophytes of Rhizanthella (Orchidaceae). Mycol Res 95:656–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkinson JI, Welbaum GE (2003) Characterization of gene expression in roots of Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens incubated with a mycorrhizal fungus. Acta Hortic 624:463–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiß M, Selosse M-A, Rexer K-H, Urban A, Oberwinkler F (2004) Sebacinales: a hitherto overlooked cosm of heterobasidiomyctes with a broad mycorrhizal potential. Mycol Res 108:1003–1010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitridge H, Southworth D. (2005) Mycorrhizal symbionts of the terrestrial orchid Cypripedium fasciculatum. Selbyana 26:328–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu JT, Mu C (1990) The relation between growth of Gastrodia elata protocorms and fungi. Acta Bot Sin 32:26–31. Cited in Rasmussen (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yagame T, Yamato M, Masahiro M, Suzuki A, Iwase K (2007) Developmental processes of achlorophyllous orchid, Epipogium roseum: from seed germination to flowering under symbiotic cultivation with mycorrhizal fungus. J Plant Res 120:229–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamato M, Yagame T, Suzuki A, Iwase K (2005) Isolation and identification of mycorrhizal fungi associating with an achlorophyllous plant, Epipogium roseum (Orchidaceae). Mycoscience 46:73–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder JA, Zettler LW, Stewart SL (2000) Water requirements of terrestrial and epiphytic orchid seeds and seedlings, and evidence for water uptake by means of mycotrophy. Plant Sci 156:145–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zelmer CD, Cuthbertson L, Currah RS (1996) Fungi associated with terrestrial orchid mycorrhizas, seeds and protocorms. Mycoscience 37:439–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zettler LW, Piskin KA, Stewart SL, Hartsock JJ, Bowles ML, Bell TJ (2005) Protocorm mycobionts of the federally threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley, and a technique to prompt leaf elongation in seedlings. Stud Mycol 53:163–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Peter McGee and Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson for the invitation to write this review and Duncan Cameron, Marc-Andre Selosse and Jeremy Bougoure for permission to use the images in Figs. 1a and b, 2c and d. I am indebted to two anonymous reviewers and Jerry Maroulis for comments and suggestions on the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Sciences and Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments, The University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia

    John D. W. Dearnaley

Authors
  1. John D. W. Dearnaley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John D. W. Dearnaley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dearnaley, J.D.W. Further advances in orchid mycorrhizal research. Mycorrhiza 17, 475–486 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0138-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0138-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation