Abstract
To explore intra- and inter-specific variations of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake that produces the fruit body “matsutake”, we carried out real-time PCR analysis based on two types of retrotransposons, one designated marY1, which resembles a retrovirus carrying the long terminal repeat (LTR) and the other marY2N, which resembles mRNA carrying the polyadenylated tail. Calculation based on the average genome size of homobasidiomycetes (34 Mbp) shows that ca. 5.5% of the total genome of T. matsutake isolated from Asia is made up of these retrotransposons, whereas they occupy ca. 1.4% in the isolates from Morocco, ca. 0.8% in isolates from Mexico, and ca. 0.5% in Tricholoma magnivelare, the species which produces “American matsutake”. Other Tricholoma spp. that produce fruit bodies similar to those of T. matsutake, such as T. bakamatsutake, T. fulvocastaneum, and T. robustum, carry them in the region less than 0.05% of their total genome. Copy number of LTR of marY1 is consistently and markedly higher than that of the coding regions of marY1 and marY2N. Data suggest that retrotransposons are deeply involved in evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiont.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bushman F (2002) Lateral DNA transfer: mechanisms and consequences. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp 1–448
Deininger P (1989) SINEs: short interspersed repeated DNA elements in higher eucaryotes. In: Berg DE, Howe MM (eds) Mobile DNA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 619–636
Farman ML, Eto Y, Nakao T, Tosa Y, Nakayashiki H, Mayama S, Leong SA (2002) Analysis of the structure of the AVR1-CO39 avirulence locus in virulent rice-infecting isolates of Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant-Microb Interact 15:6–16
Gibson UA, Heid CA, Williams PM (1996) A novel method for real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Res 6:995–1001
Heid CA, Stevens J, Livak KJ, Williams M (1996) Real-time quantitative PCR. Genome Res 6:986–994
Higuchi R, Dollinger G, Walsh PS, Griffith R (1992) Simultaneous amplification and detection of specific DNA sequences. Bio/Technology 10:413–417
Hosford D, Pilz D, Molina R, Amaranthus M (1997) Ecology and management of the commercially harvested American matsutake mushroom. USDA-Forest service PNW-GTR412, pp 1–68
Hutchison C III, Hardies SC, Loeb DD, Shehee WR, Edgell MH (1989) LINEs and related retroposons: long interspersed repeated sequences in the eucaryotic genome. In: Berg DE, Howe MM (eds) Mobile DNA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 593–617
Jordan IK, Rogozin IB, Glazko GV, Koonin EV (2003) Origin of a substantial fraction of human regulatory sequences from transposable elements. Trends Genet 19:68–72
Kang S, Lebrun MH, Farrell L, Valent B (2001) Gain of virulence caused by insertion of a Pot3 transposon in a Magnaporthe grisea avirulence gene. Mol Plant-Microb Interact 14:671–674
Lichter A, Gaventa JM, Ciuffetti LM (2002) Chromosome-based molecular characterization of pathogenic and non-pathogenic wheat isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Fungal Genet Biol 37:180–189
Martinez JP, Oesch NW, Ciuffetti LM (2004) Characterization of the multiple-copy host-selective toxin gene, toxB, in pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Mol Plant-Microb Interact 17:467–474
Murata H, Miyazaki Y (2001) Expression of marY1, a gypsy-type LTR-retroelement from the ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:993–995
Murata H, Yamada A (2000) marY1, a member of the gypsy group of long terminal repeat retroelements from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:3642–3645
Murata H, Miyazaki Y, Babasaki K (2001a) The long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence of marY1, a retroelement from the ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake, is highly conserved in various higher fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:2297–2300
Murata H, Miyazaki Y, Yamada A (2001b) marY2N, a LINE-like non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retroelement from the ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:2301–2305
Murata H, Babasaki K, Miyazaki Y, Yamada A (2002) Genetic evidence that two types of retroelements evolved through different pathways in ectomycorrhizal homobasidiomycetes Tricholoma spp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:1880–1886
Murata H, Babasaki K, Yamada A (2005) Highly polymorphic DNA markers to specify strains of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake based on σ marY1 , the long terminal repeat of gypsy-type retroelement marY1. Mycorrhiza 15:179–186
Nakayama K, Nakanishi J (2004) Tricholoma matsutake in Xichang, Sichuan and Chuxioug, Yunnan, China. Abstract of the 48th annual meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan, p 45
Nekrutenko A, Li W-H (2001) Transposable elements are found in a large number of human protein-coding genes. Trends Genet 17:619–621
Nishimura M, Hayashi N, Jwa N-S, Lau GW, Hamer JE, Hasebe A (2000) Insertion of the LINE retrotransposon MGL causes a conidiophore pattern mutation in Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant-Microb Interact 13:892–894
Pöggeler S, Kempken F (2004) Mobile genetic elements in mycelial fungi. In: Kück U (ed) Genetics and biotechnology, 2nd edn. In: Esser K (ed) The Mycota II. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 165–198
Royer JC, Hintz WE, Horgen PA (1991) Efficient protoplast formation and electrophoretic karyotype analysis of Agaricus bisporus. In: van Griensven LJLD (ed) Genetics and breeding of Agaricus. Pudoc, Waganingen, pp 52–61
Shull V, Hamer JE (1996) Rearrangement at a DNA-fingerprint locus in the rice blast fungus. Curr Genet 30:263–271
Talbot NJ, Salch YP, Ma M, Hamer JE (1993) Karyotypic variation within clonal lineages of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:585–593
The Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409:860–921
van de Lagemaat LN, Landry JR, Mager DL, Medstrand P (2003) Transposable elements in mammals promote regulatory variation and diversification of genes with specialized functions. Trends Genet 19:530–536
Walz M (2004) Electrophoretic karyotyping. In: Esser K, Kück U (eds) The Mycota II, a comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research: genetics and biotechnology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 53–70
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Murata, H., Babasaki, K. Intra- and inter-specific variations in the copy number of two types of retrotransposons from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. Mycorrhiza 15, 381–386 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0369-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0369-y