Abstract
Increasing use of saline water in irrigation can markedly change the physical and chemical properties of soil. An experiment was carried out to investigate the interaction between the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum, isolated from a saline soil, and kinetin on the growth and physiology of mungbean plants irrigated with different dilutions of seawater (0, 10, 20, and 30%). The growth, chlorophyll concentration and sugar content of mycorrhizal plants was greater than that of non-mycorrhizal plants under all conditions (with or without seawater). The dry weight of both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal mungbean plants irrigated with 10% seawater was significantly increased by treatment with kinetin. The mycorrhizal symbiosis increased root:shoot dry weight ratio, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, plant height, protein content, nitrogen or phosphorus-use efficiencies, and root nitrogenase, acid or alkaline phosphatase activities of seawater-irrigated mungbean plants, with little or no effect of kinetin. Kinetin treatment generally decreased chlorophyll concentration and sugar content in mycorrhizal plants as well as Na/N, Na/P Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios. Root colonization by G. clarum was increased by irrigation with seawater, and kinetin had no consistent effect on fungal development in roots. This study provides evidence that arbuscular mycorrhiza can be much more effective than kinetin applications in protecting mungbean plants against the detrimental effects of salt water.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adiku G, Renger M, Wessolek G, Facklam M, Hech-Bucholtz C (2001) Simulation of dry matter production and seed yield of common beans under varying soil water and salinity conditions. Agric Water Manag 47:55–68
Al-Karaki GM (2000) Growth of mycorrhizal tomato and mineral acquisition under salt stress. Mycorrhiza 10:51–54
Allen SF, Grimshaw HF, Rowl AB (1984) Chemical analysis. In: Moor PD, Chapman SB (eds) Methods in plant ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 185–344
Ashour NI, Abu-Khadra SH, Mosalerm ME, Yakout GM, Zedan ME, Abdel-Lateef EM, Behairry TG, Shaban MW, Darwish GG, El-Hifany MZ (1996) Introduction of mungbean (Vigna radiata L, Wilezek) in Egypt. 2—Effect of genotype, planting density and location on mungbean yield. In: Proceedings of 2nd International Crop Science Congress, November 1996, New Delhi, India, pp 17–24
Auge M, Stodola W (1990) Apparent increase in symplastic water contributes to greater turgor in mycorrhizal roots of droughted rose plants. New Phytol 115:285–295
Ayars JE, Tanji KK (1999) Effect of drainage on water quality in arid and semi-arid Lands In: Skaggs RW, van Schilfgaard J (eds) Agricultural drainage. ASA–CssA–SSA, Madison, Wis., pp 831–867
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Coperman R, Martin C, Stutz J (1996) Tomato growth in response to salinity and mycorrrhizal fungi from saline or non-saline soils. Hortic Sci 31:341–344
Dasgan H, Hakan A, Kazim A, Ismail C (2002) Determination of screening techniques to salinity tolerance in tomatoes and investigation of genotype responses. Plant Sci 163:695–703
Diallo A, Samb P, Macauley H (2001) Water status and stomatal behaviour of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp, plants inoculated with two Glomus species at low soil moisture levels. Eur J Soil Biol 37:187–196
Fooland M (1996) Genetic analysis of salt tolerance during vegetative growth in tomato, Lycopersicon exculentum Mol Plant Breeding 115:245–250
Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S (1976) Enzymatic studies on the metabolism on vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. 1. Effect of mycorrhiza formation and phosphorus nutrition on soluble phosphatase activities in onion roots. Physiol Veg 14:833–841
Harborne B (1984) Photochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman & Hall, London
Hardy F, Bums C, Holston D (1973) Application of the acetylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixation. Soil Biol Biochem 5:47–810
Hicks CR (1983) Fundamental concepts in the design of experimental. CBS College Publishing, New York
Jackson ML (1967) Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall, New Delhi, India
Jackson NF, Miller RH, Forkiln RE (1973) The influence of VAM on uptake of 90 Sr from soil by soybeans. Soil Biol Biochem 5:205–212
Jalaluddin M (1993) Effect of the VAM fungus (Glomus intraradices) on the growth of sorghum, maize, cotton and Pennisetum under salt stress. Pak J Bot 25:215–218
Jarstfer AG, Farmer-Koppenol P, Sylvia DM (1998) Tissue magnesium and calcium affect arbuscular mycorrhizal development and fungal reproduction. Mycorrhiza 7:237–242
Khan M, Rizvi Y (1994) Effect of salinity temperature, and growth regulation on the germination and early seedling growth regulators on the germination and early seedling growth of Atriplix griffithi var. stocksii. Can J Bot 72:475–479
Khan M, Ungar I, Showalters A (2000) Effects of salinity on growth water relation and ion accumulation of the subtropical perennial halophyte, Atriplex griffithii var. stocksii. Ann Bot 85:225–232
Marschner H (1995) Saline soil. In: Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press, New York, pp 567–680
Mathur N, Vyas A (1990) Improved biomass production, nutrient uptake and establishment of in vitro raised Ziziphus mauritianas by VA mycorrhizal. J Plant Physiol 155:123–129
Muhsin T, Zwiazek J (2002) Colonization with Hebeloma crustuliniforme increases water conductance and limits shoot sodium uptake in white spruce (Picea glauca) seedling. Plant Soil 238:217–225
Naguib MI (1963) Colorimetric estimation of plant polysaccharides. Zuker 16:15–18
Nemat-Alla M, Younis M, El-Shihaby O, El-Bastawisy Z (2002) Kinetin regulation of growth and secondary metabolism in water logging and salinity treated Vigna sinensis and Zea mays. Acta Physiol Plant 24:19–27
Phillips JM, Hayman DS (1970) Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans Br Mycol Soc 55:158–161
Pyler DB, Proseus TE (1996) A comparison of the seed dormancy characteristics of Spartina patens and Sparaitina alterniflora (Poaceae). Am J Bot 83:11–14
Qadir M, Ghafoor A, Murthaza G (2001) Use of saline-sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline sodic soils. Agric Water Manag 50:197–210
Rao AV, Tak R (2002) Growth of different tree species and their nutrient uptake in limestone mine spoil as influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in India arid zone. J Arid Environ 51:113–119
Ruiz-Lozano M, Azcon R (2000) Symbiotic efficiency and infectivity of an autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus sp. from saline soils and Glomus deserticola under salinity. Mycorrhiza 10:137–143
Smith S, Read D (1997) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic Press, London, pp 453–469
Steel RGD, Torri JH (1960) Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York
Trouvelot A, Kough J, Gianinazzi Pearson V (1986) Evaluation of VAM infection levels in root systems. Research for estimation methods having a functional significance. In: Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S (eds) Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizal. INRA, Paris, pp 217–221
Ungar IA (1991) Ecophysiology of vascular halophytes. CRC Press, Baton Rouge, Fla.
Yano-Melo A, Saggin O, Maia L (2002) Tolerance of mycorrhizal banana (Musa sp. Cv. Pacovan) plantlets to saline stress. Agric Ecosyst Environ 1967:1–6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rabie, G.H. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and kinetin on the response of mungbean plants to irrigation with seawater. Mycorrhiza 15, 225–230 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-004-0345-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-004-0345-y