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A systematic review of the effects of temperature and precipitation on pollen concentrations and season timing, and implications for human health

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Abstract

Climate and weather directly impact plant phenology, affecting airborne pollen. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the impacts of meteorological variables on airborne pollen concentrations and pollen season timing. Using PRISMA methodology, we reviewed literature that assessed whether there was a relationship between local temperature and precipitation and measured airborne pollen. The search strategy included terms related to pollen, trends or measurements, and season timing. For inclusion, studies must have conducted a correlation analysis of at least 5 years of airborne pollen data to local meteorological data and report quantitative results. Data from peer-reviewed articles were extracted on the correlations between seven pollen indicators (main pollen season start date, end date, peak date, and length, annual pollen integral, average daily pollen concentration, and peak pollen concentration), and two meteorological variables (temperature and precipitation). Ninety-three articles were included in the analysis out of 9,679 articles screened. Overall, warmer temperatures correlated with earlier and longer pollen seasons and higher pollen concentrations. Precipitation had varying effects on pollen concentration and pollen season timing indicators. Increased precipitation may have a short-term effect causing low pollen concentrations potentially due to “wash out” effect. Long-term effects of precipitation varied for trees and weeds and had a positive correlation with grass pollen levels. With increases in temperature due to climate change, pollen seasons for some taxa in some regions may start earlier, last longer, and be more intense, which may be associated with adverse health impacts, as pollen exposure has well-known health effects in sensitized individuals.

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Data availability

All data extracted from the systematic review is maintained by the CDC and available to the public.

Code availability

Analysis was completed in Microsoft Excel; spreadsheets are available to the public.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Emmanuelle Hines, Leila Atalla, and Katy Gerber for their assistance.

Funding

This work was supported by the Climate and Health Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Author notes

  1. P. J. Schramm and C. L. Brown contributed equally to this work and should be considered co–first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Climate and Health Program, Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, S106-6, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA

    P. J. Schramm, C. L. Brown, S. Saha & A. P. Manangan

  2. Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    K. C. Conlon

  3. Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

    J. E. Bell

  4. Departments of Emergency Medicine, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and Global Health, and the Center for Health and the Global Environment, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    J. J. Hess

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Contributions

Schramm, P. J. initiated the concept and led the study design, data extraction, data analysis, and writing and editing of the manuscript.

Brown, C. L. led the study design, data extraction, data analysis, development of visualizations, and writing and editing of the manuscript.

Saha, S; Conlon, KC; Manangan, AP; Bell, JE; and Hess, JJ contributed to study design, data extraction, and manuscript writing.

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Schramm, P.J., Brown, C.L., Saha, S. et al. A systematic review of the effects of temperature and precipitation on pollen concentrations and season timing, and implications for human health. Int J Biometeorol 65, 1615–1628 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02128-7

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