Abstract
As the twenty-first-Century Maritime Silk Road tourism program aims on development of new tourist routes with special interest on the polar regions of the Arctic and the Antarctic, as well as the Tibetan Plateau, management of climate risks in travels and their reduction is an important issue for achievement of its goals at national and local levels. Acclimatization is crucial for adventurous tourists, and especially for those traveling to extremely cold and highly elevated environments, when climate and weather in tourist destination differ significantly from those at home. The Acclimatization Thermal Strain Index for Tourism (ATSIT) is designed and used to measure numerically the physiological expenses a traveler pays during the acclimatization process. The purpose of the present study is to examine acclimatization consequences for travels from Beijing, capital of China, to destinations at the Arctic, the Antarctic, and the Tibetan Plateau, collectively referred to as the 3Polar regions, during the main seasons of winter and summer, and back. The results show that acclimatizing to cold involves greater physiological strain than adjustment to heat. Acclimatization load in winter is low for all travels from Beijing and back home. ATSIT projections detect the most harmful degree of discomfort for summer travels from Beijing. The greatest acclimatization impact comes when changing locales from hot and humid to cold and dry climatic conditions, which might cause high and very high physiological strain. Moreover, as many destinations in the 3Polar regions, mostly in the Tibetan Plateau, are located in mountains, a special acclimatization plan is required to weaken the threat of mountain sickness. The results will be helpful for warning stakeholders and the decision makers in the tourism sector of economies, and are expected to be translated into action for the development of proper intervention procedures in health control, to minimize population loss.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adventure Travel and Tourism Association (ATTA) (2016) Adventure travel guide qualifications and performance standard – III. Definitions. Retrieved from http://www.adventuretravel.biz/education/adventure-edu/blog/adven ture-travel-guide-qualifications-performance-standard-iii-definitions/. Accessed 18 Feb 2019
Armstrong LE, Maresh CM (1991) The induction and decay of heat acclimatization in trained athletes. Sports Med 12:302–312. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112050-00003
Auliciems A (2014) Thermal sensation and cell adaptability. Int J Biometeorol 58:325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-013-0680-9
Bauche JP, Grigorieva EA, Matzarakis A (2013) A human-biometeorological assessment of urban structures in extreme climate conditions: the example of Birobidzhan, Russian Far East. Adv Meteorol 2013:749270. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/749270
Bauer I (2011) Health Issues of Travellers. Encycl Environ Health:34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00318-4
Beames S, Mackie C, Atencio M (2019) Adventure and tourism. In: Adventure and society. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96062-3_10
Beck HE, Zimmermann NE, McVicar TR, Vergopolan N, Berg A, Wood EF (2018) Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Nat Sci Data 5:180214. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214
Bertelsen RG, Su P (2018) Knowledge-based institutions in Sino-Arctic Engagement: lessons for the Belt and Road Initiative. In: Mayer M (ed) Rethinking the silk road. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5_9
Birdir SS, Dalgic A, Birdir K (2018) Destination marketing and destination image. In: Gursoy D, Chi CG (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Destination Marketing. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 71–81 Available at: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315101163-7. Accessed 26 Sept 2019
Błażejczyk K (2011) Assessment of regional bioclimatic contrasts in Poland. Misc Geogr 15(1):79–91. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10288-012-0004-7
Błażejczyk K, Vinogradova V (2014) Adaptation Strain Index for tourists traveling from central and northern Europe to the Mediterranean. Finisterra XLIX 98:139–152. https://doi.org/10.18055/Finis6465
Brady A-M (2017) China as a polar great power. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Buckley R (2011) Tourism and Environment. Annu Rev Environ Resour 36(1):397–416. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-041210-132637
Buckley R (2016) Outdoor tourism in China: a foreigner’s 30-year retrospective. Prog Geogr 35(6):665–678. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2016.06.001
Castellani JW, Young AJ, Ducharme MB, Giesbrecht GG, Glickman E, Sallis RE (2006) American College of Sports Medicine position stand: prevention of cold injuries during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:2012–2029
Cheung W(WY), Bauer T, Deng J (2019) The growth of Chinese tourism to Antarctica: a profile of their connectedness to nature, motivations, and perceptions. Polar J 9(1):197–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896x.2019.1618552
China Tourism Academy (2018) Annual report of China outbound tourism development 2018. Tourism Education Press, Beijing
Dawson J, Hoke W, Lamers M, Liggett D, Ljubicic G, Stewart E, Thoman R (2017) Navigating weather, water, ice and climate information for safe polar mobilities. Report prepared by the Polar Prediction Project’s Societal and Economic Research and Applications Working Group (PPP-SERA) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Geneva, World Meteorological Organization. 10013/epic.cc4fb251-8b27-4e36-9d9c-6aa9407e310c
de Freitas CR (1990) Recreation climate assessment. Int J Climatol 10:89–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370100110
de Freitas CR (2003) Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. Int J Biometeorol 48:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-003-0177-z
de Freitas CR (2015) Weather and place-based human behavior: recreational preferences and sensitivity. Int J Biometeorol 59:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0824-6
de Freitas CR, Grigorieva EA (2009) The Acclimatization Thermal Strain Index: a preliminary study of the methodology applied to climatic conditions of the Russian Far East. Int J Biometeorol 53:307–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-009-0215-6
de Freitas CR, Grigorieva EA (2014) The impact of acclimatization on thermophysiological strain for contrasting regional climates. Int J Biometeorol 58:2129–2137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0813-9
de Freitas CR, Grigorieva EA (2015a) A comprehensive catalogue and classification of human thermal climate indices. Int J Biometeorol 59:109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0819-3
de Freitas CR, Grigorieva EA (2015b) Role of acclimatization in weather-related human mortality during the transition seasons of autumn and spring in a thermally extreme mid-latitude continental climate. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:14974–14987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214962
de Freitas CR, Grigorieva EA (2017) A comparison and appraisal of a comprehensive range of human thermal climate indices. Int J Biometeorol 61(3):487–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1228-6
de Freitas CR, Scott D, McBoyle G (2008) A second generation climate index for tourism (CIT): specification and verification. Int J Biometeorol 52(5):399–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-007-0134-3
Derkacheva LN, Soboleva NF (2015) Weather – climatic conditions as a risk factor in medical and health tourism and measures of prevention of adaptive loads during interregional movements. In Proc. 4th International Conference on Climate, Tourism and Recreation – CCTR2015. Sabanci University and Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey, 17–19 September, 2015. Istanbul, 2015:3942.
Dhillon S (2012) Environmental hazards, hot, cold, altitude, and sun. Infect Dis Clin N Am 26(3):707–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2012.07.001
Dietz TE, Hackett PH (2019) High altitude medicine. In: Keystone JS et al (eds) Travel Medicine, pp 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-54696-6.00042-2
Echtner CM, Ritchie JRB (1993) The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. J Travel Res 31(4):3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100402
Erceg D (2017) Explorers of a different kind: a history of Antarctica tourism 1966–2016. PhD Thesis. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/132936. Accessed 26 Sept 2019
Ferrada LV (2018) Five factors that will decide the future of Antarctica. Polar J 8(1):84109. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2018.1468623
Giddy JK, Webb NL (2017) The influence of the environment on adventure tourism: from motivations to experiences. Curr Issue Tour 21(18):2124–2138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1245715
Goel P, Ravindra R, Chattopadhyay S (2018) Science and geopolitics of the White World. Springer, Cham
Goodall B, Ashworth G (2013) Marketing in the tourism industry. Routledge, Abingdon
Gössling S (2003) The political ecology of tourism in Zanzibar. In: Gössling S (ed) Tourism and development in tropical islands: political ecology perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp 178–202
Gössling S, Bredberg M, Randow A, Sandström E, Svensson P (2006) Tourist perceptions of climate change: a study of international tourists in Zanzibar. Curr Issue Tour 9(4/5):419–435. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit265.0
Grigorieva EA, Matzarakis A (2011) Physiologically equivalent temperature as a factor for tourism in extreme climate regions in the Russian Far East: preliminary results. Europ J Tourism, Hospitality Recreation 2(3):127–142.
Grigorieva EA (2019) The impact of home-to-destination climate differences for tourism. Curr IssueTour 22(3):301–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1428287
Gronlund CJ (2014) Racial and socioeconomic disparities in heat-related health effects and their mechanisms: a review. Curr Epidemiol Rep 1:165–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-014-0014-4
Gstaettner AM, Lee D, Rodger K (2018) The concept of risk in nature-based tourism and recreation – a systematic literature review. Curr Issue Tour 21(15):1784–1809. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1244174
Gurtoo A (2018) Physiology and medicine at high altitude: the exposure and the stress. Def Life Sci J 3(3):203–208. https://doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.12921
Hall CM, Saarinen J (2010a) Polar tourism and change: climate, Environments and Experiences. Routledge, London
Hall CM, Saarinen J (2010b) Polar tourism: definitions and dimensions. Scand J Hosp Tour 10(4):448–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2010.521686
Hamilton J, Lau M (2005) The role of climate information in tourist destination choice decision making. In: Gössling S, Hall CM (eds) Tourism and global environmental change. Routledge, London, pp 229–250
Hartwell H, Fyall A, Willis C, Page S, Ladkin A, Hemingway A (2018) Progress in tourism and destination wellbeing research. Curr Issue Tour 21(16):1830–1892. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1223609
Hass AL, Ellis KN (2019) Using wearable sensors to assess how a heatwave affects individual heat exposure, perceptions, and adaption methods. Int J Biometeorol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01770-6
Heung V, Qu H, Chu R (2001) The relationship between vacation factors and socio-demographic and travelling characteristics: the case of Japanese leisure travelers. Tour Manag 22(3):259–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00057-1
Hewer MJ, Scott DJ, Gough WA (2017) Differences in the importance of weather and weather-based decisions among campers in Ontario parks (Canada). Int J Biometeorol 61:1805–1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1364-7
Holm MR, Lugosi P, Croes RR, Torres EN (2017) Risk-tourism, risk-taking and subjective well-being: a review and synthesis. Tour Manag 63:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.004
Huang M-F, Tang C, Weaver DB (2017) The Arctic tourism experience from an evolving Chinese perspective. In: Lee Y-S, Weaver DB, Prebensen NK (eds) Arctic tourism experiences: production, consumption and sustainability. CABI Publication, Wallingford, pp 89–99
IAATO (2018) International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) Overview of Antarctic Tourism: 2017–18 Season and Preliminary Estimates for 2018–19 Season. https://iaato.org/documents/10157/2398215/IAATO+overview/bc34db24-e1dc-4eab-997a-4401836b7033. Accessed 26 Sept 2019
Ingole V, Kovats S, Schumann B et al (2017) Socioenvironmental factors associated with heat and cold-related mortality in Vadu HDSS, western India: a population-based case-crossover study. Int J Biometeorol 61:1797–1804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1363-8
Jarvis D, Stoeckl N, Liu H-B (2016) The impact of economic, social and environmental factors on trip satisfaction and the likelihood of visitors returning. Tour Manag 52:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.003
Jorgensen F, Solvoll G (1996) Demand models for inclusive tour charter: the Norwegian case. Tour Manag 17(1):17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(95)00096-8
Kampmann B, Bröde P, Schütte M, Griefahn B (2008) Lowering of resting core temperature during acclimation is influenced by exercise stimulus. Eur J Appl Physiol 104:321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0658-6
Kandror IS, Demina DM Ratner Ye M (1974) Physiological principles of sanitary-climatic zoning of the USSR. Moscow: Medicine (in Russian).
Knol M, Arbo P, Duske P, Gerland S, Lamers M, Pavlova O, Sivle AD, Tronstad S (2018) Making the Arctic predictable: the changing information infrastructure of Arctic weather and sea ice services. Polar Geogr 41(4):279–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2018.1522382
Korzeniewski K, Nitsch-Osuch A, Guzek A, Juszczak D (2015) High altitude pulmonary edema in mountain climbers. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 209:33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2014.09.023
Lazar M, Purkayastha SS, Jayashankar A, Nayar HS (1981) Physiological characteristics of cold acclimatization in man. Int J Biometeorol 25:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02184518
Lee PTW, Hu Z-H, Lee S-J, Choi K-S, SHo S (2018) Research trends and agenda on the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative with a focus on maritime transport. Marit Policy Manag 45(3):282–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2017.1400189
Leon LR (2008) Thermoregulatory responses to environmental toxicants: the interaction of thermal stress and toxicant exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 233:146–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.01.012
Li R, Chi X (2014) Thermal comfort and tourism climate changes in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in the last 50 years. Theor Appl Climatol 117:613–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-1027-5
Li H, Goh C, Hung K, Chen JL (2017) Relative climate index and its effect on seasonal tourism demand. J Travel Res 57(2):178–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516687409
Li S, Gong J, Deng Q, Zhou T (2018) Impacts of the Qinghai–Tibet railway on accessibility and economic linkage of the Third Pole. Sustainability 10(11):3982. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113982
Liggett D, McIntosh A, Thompson A, Gilbert N, Storey B (2011) From frozen continent to tourism hotspot? Five decades of Antarctic tourism development and management, and a glimpse into the future. Tour Manag 32:357–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.005
Liu N (2019) The rise of China and the Antarctic Treaty System? Aust J Marit Ocean Aff. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2019.1589897
Lohmann M, Kaim E (1999) Weather and holiday destination preferences: image, attitude and experience. Tour Rev 2:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058303
Maçães B (2019) Belt and road: a Chinese World Order. Hurst & Company, London
Mackenzie SH, Hodge K (2019) Adventure recreation and subjective well-being: a conceptual framework. Leis Stud. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1577478
Maher PT (2017) Tourism futures in the Arctic. In: Latola K, Savela H (eds) The interconnected Arctic – UArctic congress 2016. Springer Polar Sciences, Cham, pp 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57532-2_22
Marsden S (2016) Environmental assessment of cross-border development: China and the Third Pole. J Environ Assess Policy Manag 18(02):1650009. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333216500095
Marsden S (2017) Environmental regimes in Asian subregions, China and the Third Pole. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, p 294
McDowell G, Ford JD, Lehner B, Berrang-Ford L, Sherpa A (2013) Climate-related hydrological change and human vulnerability in remote mountain regions: a case study from Khumbu, Nepal. Reg Environ Chang 13(2):299–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0333-2
Mintel International Group (1991) Special report – holidays. Leisure Intelligence. Mintel International Group, London
Mok C, Armstrong RW (1995) Leisure travel destination choice criteria of Hong Kong residents. J Travel Tour Mark 4(1):99–104. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v04n01_07
Mok C, Armstrong RW (1996) Sources of information used by Hong Kong and Taiwanese leisure travellers. Aust J Hosp Manag 3(1):31–35
Mukherji A, Sinisalo A, Nüsser M et al (2019) Contributions of the cryosphere to mountain communities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: a review. Reg Environ Chang. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01484-w
Müller DK (2015) Issues in Arctic Tourism. In: Evengård B, Nymand Larsen J, Paasche Ø (eds) The new Arctic. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17602-4_11
Musa G, Hall CM, JES H (2004) Tourism sustainability and health impacts in high altitude adventure, cultural and ecotourism destinations: a case study of Nepal’s Sagarmatha National Park. J Sustain Tour 12(4):306–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667240
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, TA MM (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11:1633–1644 <hal-00298818>
Perkins DR (2018) Using synoptic weather types to predict visitor attendance at Atlanta and Indianapolis zoological parks. Int J Biometeorol 62:127–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1142-y
Perkins D, Debbage K (2016) Weather and tourism: thermal comfort and zoological park visitor attendance. Atmosphere 7(3):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7030044
Perry A (1972) Weather, climate and tourism. Weather 27:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1972.tb04291.x
Perry A (1993) Climate and weather information for the package holiday-maker. Weather 48(12):410–414. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05830.x
Qiu H, Tian L, Ho K et al (2016) Who is more vulnerable to death from extremely cold temperatures? A case-only approach in Hong Kong with a temperate climate. Int J Biometeorol 60:711–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1065-z
Rimmer PJ (2018) China’s belt and road initiative: underlying economic and international relations dimensions. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature
Rusanov VI (1989) Appraisal of meteorological conditions defining human respiration. Bull Russ Acad Med Sci 1:57–60 (in Russian)
Rutty M, Scott D (2013) Differential climate preferences of international beach tourists. Clim Res 57:259–269. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01183
Rutty M, Scott D (2015) Bioclimatic comfort and the thermal perceptions and preferences of beach tourists. Int J Biometeorol 59:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0820-x
Rutty M, Scott D (2016) Comparison of climate preferences for domestic and international beach holidays: a case study of Canadian travelers. Atmosphere 7:30. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7020030
Saarinen J, Varnajot A (2019) The Arctic in tourism: complementing and contesting perspectives on tourism in the Arctic. Polar Geogr. https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1578287
Saat M, Sirisinghe RG, Singh R, Tochihara Y (2005) Effects of shortterm exercise in the heat on thermoregulation, blood parameters, sweat secretion and sweat composition of tropic-dwelling subjects. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Hum Sci 24:541–549. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.24.541
Scott D, Lemieux C (2010) Weather and climate information for tourism. Procedia Environ Sci 1:146–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2010.09.011
Scott D, Rutty M, Amelung B, Tang M (2016) An inter-comparison of the Holiday Climate Index (HCI) and the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) in Europe. Atmosphere 7:80. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7060080
Simonova TG (1994) Heat and moisture exchanger in airways. In: Breslav IS, Isaev GG (eds) Fiziologiya dykhaniya (Physiology of Respiration). Nauka, St.-Petersburg, pp 139–158 (in Russian)
Su M, Wall G (2009) The Qinghai-Tibet railway and Tibetan tourism: Travelers’ perspectives. Tour Manag 30:650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.024
Swarbrooke J, Beard C, Leckie S, Pomfret G (2003) Adventure tourism: the new frontier. Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington
Tang W, Zhou T, Sun J, Li Y, Li W (2017) Accelerated urban expansion in Lhasa City and the implications for sustainable development in a Plateau City. Sustainability 9:1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091499
The Paper (2017) Chinese Antarctic tourism grows 40 times in 9 Years. 29 November 2017. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1883331 (in Chinese). Accessed 26 Sept 2019
Tikhomirov I (1968) Bioclimatology of Central Antarctica and human acclimatization. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Travel China Guide (2019) 2018 China tourism facts & figures. Accessed 26 Sept 2019https://www.travelchinaguide.com/tourism/2018statistics/
Veijola S, Strauss-Mazzullo H (2018) Tourism at the crossroads of contesting paradigms of 813 Arctic development. In: M Finger and L Heininen (eds) The GlobalArctic Handbook. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, p. 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91995-9_5
Wang L-E, Zeng Y, Zhong L (2017) Impact of climate change on tourism on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: research based on a literature review. Sustainability 9(9):1539. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091539
Weatherbase (2019) http://www.weatherbase.com/. Canty and Associates, Great Falls, Virginia, USA, 22066. http://www.weatherbase.com/about.php3. Accessed 18 February 2019
Xiuhua Z (2019) Regional aspects of the Arctic Ice Silk Road: case of Heilongjiang Province, China. In: Erokhin V, Gao T, Zhang X (eds) Handbook of research on international collaboration, economic development, and sustainability in the Arctic. IGI Global, Hershey, pp 370–394. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6954-1.ch017
Yahia MW, Johansson E (2013) Evaluating the behaviour of different thermal indices by investigating various outdoor urban environments in the hot dry city of Damascus, Syria. Int J Biometeorol 57:615–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-012-0589-8
Yang X, Dong L, Li C (2019) Microclimate tourism and microclimate tourism security and safety in China. Tour Manag 74:110–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.12.012
Zell SC (1997) Environmental and recreational hazards associated with adventure travel. J Travel Med 4(2):94–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.1997.tb00787.x
Zhang W (2009) The motivations, constraints and decision-making of Beijing outbound tourists. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
Zhang X (2017) Chinese capitalism and the Maritime Silk Road: a world-systems perspective. Geopolitics 22(2):310–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2017.1289371
Zhang A, Wang J, Jiang Y et al (2018) Spatiotemporal changes of hazard intensity-adjusted population exposure to multiple hazards in Tibet during 1982–2015. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 9:541–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0194-5
Zhao M, Dong S, Xia B, Cheng H, Li Y, Li Z, Zheng J (2018) Development patterns and cooperation paths of tourism industry within the China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 190:012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/190/1/012067
Acknowledgments
The study had no sponsorship and was performed according to the topic research of ICARP FEB RAS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grigorieva, E.A. Adventurous tourism: acclimatization problems and decisions in trans-boundary travels. Int J Biometeorol 65, 717–728 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01875-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01875-3