Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals in coastal sediments from the Mid-Black Sea, Turkey

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigated contamination and ecological risks caused by selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc.) in the Mid-Black Sea coastal sediments and their effects on human health. The pollution levels were evaluated using comprehensive ecological and pollution indices to quantify their exposure risks posed to human health using the United States Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment model. The result revealed that the mean concentration of Cr (536.14 mg/kg) and Ni (257.8 mg/kg) among the selected heavy metals in sediment was above the PEC value, indicating that they have negative impacts on the ecosystem. According to the local background values, those obtained from the Cf, Cd, Igeo, SEF, PLI, PERI, etc., indexes demonstrated that heavy metal pollution in this region ranged from pollution-free to moderate pollution, with the largest contribution of Cr and Ni. Hence, they must be performed long-term dynamic monitoring of Ni and Cr to avoid ecological risks and protect the ecosystem's health. On the other hand, since the non-carcinogenic health risk (HI) of selected heavy metals in adults is less than 1, it has been determined that there is no health risk, while the HI value is greater than 3 in children. Accordingly, it indicates a very high health risk for children. This study also presents that cancer risk for heavy metals was higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10–6) for adults and children. The results of this study have important guiding significance for selecting evaluation methods for heavy metal pollution in sediments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AT:

Average time

BW:

Body weight

CR:

Cancer risk

Cf :

Contamination factor

CF:

Conversion factor

Expderm :

Dermal absorption risk

ABS:

Dermal adsorption rate

HQderm :

Dermal hazard quotients

SA:

Exposed skin surface area

ED:

Exposure duration

EF:

Exposure frequency

EF:

Exposure frequency

IngR:

Extent of ingestion

Igeo :

Geoaccumulation index

HQ:

Hazard quotients

HMs:

Heavy metals

Exping :

Ingestion exposure risk

HQing :

Ingestion hazard quotients

mCd:

Modified degree of contamination

HI:

Non-carcinogenic risk index

PLI:

Pollution load index

Er i :

Potential ecological risk of the individual factor

PERI:

Potential ecological risk index

PEC:

Probable effect concentration

PEL:

Probable effect level

RfD:

Reference dose

SEF:

Sediment enrichment factor

SQGs:

Sediment quality guidelines

AF:

Skin adherence factor

SF:

Slope factor

TEL:

Terms of threshold effect level

TEC:

Threshold effect concentration

LCR:

Total lifetime cancer risk

TRI:

Toxic risk index

References

  • Abderrahmane B, Naima B, Tarek M, Abdelghani M (2021) Influence of highway traffic on contamination of roadside soil with heavy metals. Civ Eng J. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahim GMS, Parker RJ (2008) Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environ Monit Assess 136:227–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alkan N, Alkan A, Demirak A, Bahloul M (2020) Metals/metalloid in marine sediments, bioaccumulating in macroalgae and a mussel. Soil Sedim Contamin 29(5):569–594

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apaydın A, Kabaoğlu H, Apaydın G, Şirin M, Cengiz E, Kağan Köksal O, Baltaş H, Tıraşoğlu E (2021) Evaluation of ecological risk, source, and spatial distribution of some heavy metals in marine sediments in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16017-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arıman S, Bakan G (2009) Kirlenmiş sediman tabakasının çevresel kirliliğinin izlenme, remediasyon ve arıtım yöntemlerinin araştirilması. Ondokuz Mayıs Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, p 2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Arıman S, Bakan G (2010) Assessment of heavy metal levels in sediments of the mid-black sea coast of turkey. In: 15th International conference on heavy metals in the environment, 19–23 September, Gdansk, Poland, pp 472–474

  • Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G, Keerthana M, Arumugam N, Almansour AI, Perumal K (2022) Distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals using geochemical normalization factors in the aquatic sediments. Chemosphere 294:133708

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aung PP, Maoa Y, Hua T, Qia S, Tiana Q, Chena Z, Xinga X (2019a) Metal concentrations and pollution assessment in bottom sediments from Inle Lake. Myanmar J Geochem Explor 207:106357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aung PP, Mao Y, Hu T, Qi S, Tian Q, Chen Z, Xing X (2019b) Metal concentrations and pollution assessment in bottom sediments from Inle Lake. Myanmar J Geochem Explor 207:106357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakan G, Özkoç BH (2007) An ecological risk assessment of the impact of heavy metal in surface sediment on biota from the Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Int J Environ Stud 64(1):45–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baltas H, Sirin M, Dalgic G, Yilmaz Bayrak E, Akdeniz A (2017) Assessment of metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, and Pb) in seawater, sediment and biota samples in the coastal area of Eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Mar Pollut Bull 122:475–482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bat, L., Özkan, E.Y., 2015. Heavy metal levels in sediment of the Turkish Black Sea Coast. Source Title: Progressive Engineering Practices in Marine Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8333-4.ch0

  • Benson NU, Adedapo AE, Fred-Ahmadu OH, Williams AB, Udosen ED, Ayejuyo OO, Olajire AA (2018) New ecological risk indices for evaluating heavy metals contamination in aquatic sediment: a case study of the Gulf of Guinea. Region Stud Marine Sci 18:44–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson NU, Anake WU, Essien JP, Enyong PA, Olajire AA (2017) Distribution and risk assessment of trace metals in Leptodius exarata, surface water and sediments from Douglas Creek, Qua Iboe estuary. J Taibah Univ Sci 11(3):434–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birth G (2003) A scheme for assessing human iimpacts on coastal aquatic environments using sediments. In: Woodcoffe CD, Furness RA (eds) Coastal GIS. Wollongong University Papers in Center for Maritime Policy 14, Australia

  • Buat-Menard P, Chesselet R (1979) Variable influence of atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter. Earth Planet Sci Lett 42:398–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90049-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buccolieri A, Buccolieri G, Cardellicchio N, Dell’Atti A, Di Leo A, Maci A (2006) Heavy metals in marine sediments of Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Mar Chem 99:227–235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chabukdhara M, Nema AK (2013) Heavy metals assessment in urban soil around industrial clusters in Ghaziabad, India: probabilistic health risk approach. Ecotoxicol Environ 87:57–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai M, Shi F, Li R, Shen X (2014) Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Spartina alterniflora marsh in intertidal sediments of Bohai Bay. China Mar Pollut Bull 84:115–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan LS, Ng SL, Davis AM, Yim S, Yeung CH (2001) Magnetic properties and heavy-metal contents of contaminated seabed sediments of Penny’s Bay, Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull 42:569–583

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Teng Y, Lu S, Wang Y, Wang J (2015) Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Sci Total Environ 512–513:143–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Teng Y, Lu S, Wang Y, Wu J, Wang J (2017) Source apportionment and health risk assessment of trace metals in surface soils of Beijing metropolitan, China. Chemosphere 144:1002–1011

    Google Scholar 

  • Christophoridis C, Bourliva A, Evgenakis E, Papadopoulou L, Fytianos K (2019) Effects of anthropogenic activities on the levels of heavy metals in marine surface sediments of the Thessaloniki Bay, Northern Greece: spatial distribution, sources and contamination assessment. Microchem J 149:104001

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui L, Wang X, Li J, Gao X, Zhang J, Liu Z (2021) Ecological and health risk assessments and water quality criteria of heavy metals in the Haihe River. Environ Pollut 290:117971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cukrov N, Franciskovic-Bilinski S, Hlaca B, Barisic D (2011) A recent history of metal accumulation in the sediments of Rijeka harbor, Adriatic Sea Croatia. Mar Pollut Bull 62:154–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Miguel E, Iribarren I, Chacon E, Ordonez A, Charlesworth S (2007) Riskbased evaluation of the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere 66(3):505–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.065

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Mora S, Sheikholeslami MR, Wyse E, Azemard S, Cassi R (2004) An assessment of metal contamination in coastal sediments of the Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 48:61–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Desiree NTS, Zacharie EBA, Brice TK, Ange WKS, Jacques E, Paul B (2021) Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment of overlying water and sediments of Nkozoa Lake (Southern Cameroon). Annu Res Rev Biol 36(4):92–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding X, Ye S, Yuan H, Krauss KW (2018) Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in coastal surface sediments in the Hebei Province offshore area Bohai Sea, China. Marine Pollut Bull 131:655–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09467-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diop C, Dewaele D, Cazier F, Diouf A, Ouddane B (2015) Assessment of trace metals contamination level, bioavailability and toxicity in sediments from Dakar coast and Saint Louis estuary in Senegal, West Africa. Chemosphere 138:980–987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doncheva VG, Hristova OD, Dzhurova BS, Slavova KR (2020) Metal Pollution Assessment in Sediments of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coastal Zone. Ecologıa Balkanıca 12(1):179–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekoa Bessa AZ, Ambassa Bela V, Ngueutchoua G, El-Amier YA, Kamani FA, Zebaze LN, Kamguem Fotso CA, Njong VN, Kemgang Ghomsi FE, Valipour M, Armstrong-AltrinJS JS (2022) Characteristics and source identification of environmental trace metals in beach sediments along the littoral zone of Cameroon. Earth Syst Environ 6:175–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00279-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Zrelli R, Courjault-Rade P, Rabaoui L, Castet S, Michel S, Bejaou N (2015) Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment in the surface sediments of the coastal area surrounding the industrial complex of Gabes city, Gulf of Gabes, SE Tunisia. Mar Pollut Bull 101:922–929

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E (2005) Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment. Atmos Environ 39:4501–4512

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gholizadeh M, Patimar R (2018) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Gorgan Bay, Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 137:662–667

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giesy JP, Hoke RA (1990) Freshwater sediment quality criteria: Toxicity bioassessment. In: Baudo R, Giesy JP, Muntao M (eds) Sediment chemistry and toxicity of in-place pollutants, p 391. Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14:975–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MS, Ahmed MK, Liyana E, Hossain MS, Jolly YN, Kabir MJ, Akter S, Rahman MS (2021) A case study on metal contamination in water and sediment near a coal thermal power plant on the Eastern Coast of Bangladesh. Environments 8:108. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8100108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Teng Y, Zhang N, Fu Z, Ren W (2018) Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in the soilePanax notoginseng system in Yunnan province, China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 24(5):1312–1326

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hui-na Z, Xing-zhong Y, Guang-ming Z, Min J, Jie1 L, Chang Z, Juan Y, Hua-jun H, Zhi-feng L, Hong-wei J (2012) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port based on modified potential ecological risk index. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 22:14701477

  • Iqbal J, Tirmizi SA, Shah M (2013) Statistical apportionment and risk assessment of selected metals in sediments from Rawal Lake (Pakistan). Environ Monit Assess 185:729–743

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System by United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2018) https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/search/index.cfm? Accessed date 6 June 2018

  • Jafarabadi AR, Bakhtiyari AR, Toosi AS, Jadot C (2017) Spatial distribution, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in marine surface sediments and coastal seawaters of fringing coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Chemosphere 185:1090–1111

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang X, Teng A, Xu W, Liu X (2014) Distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments in the Yellow Sea. Marine Pollut Bull 83(1):366–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Chao S, Liu J, Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhang A, Cao H (2017) Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province, China. Chemosphere 168:1658–1668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.088

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jitar O, Teodosiu C, Oros A, Plavan G, Nicoara M (2015) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine organisms from the Romanian sector of the Black Sea. New Biotechnol 32(3):369–378

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahal A, El-Sorogy AS, Alfaifi H, Almadani S, Ghrefat HA (2018) Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of the coastal surface sediments from the Red Sea, northwest Saudi Arabia. Mar Pollut Bull 137:198–208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karbassi AR, Monavari SM, Bidhendi GRN, Nouri J, Nematpour K (2008) Metal pollution assessment of sediment and water in the Shur River. Environ Monit Assess 147(1–3):107–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karslı B (2021) Determination of metal content in anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) from Turkey, Georgia and Abkhazia coasts of the Black Sea: Evaluation of potential risks associated with human consumption. Mar Pollut Bull 165:112108

    Google Scholar 

  • Ke X, Feng S, Luan J, Zhang F, Zhou Y (2021) Toxicity Identification Evaluation of Sediments fromthe Xihe River. Environ Toxicol Chem 40(11):3103–3110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ke X, Gui S, HuangZhang H, Wang C, Guo W H (2017) Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area, China. Chemosphere 175:473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuang Z, Gu Y, Rao Y, Huang H (2021) Biological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments and health risk assessment in marine organisms from Daya Bay. China J Mar Sci Eng 9:17. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Sivaperumal P, Manigandan V, Rajaram R, Hussain M (2021) Assessment of potential human health risk due to heavy metal contamination in edible finfish and shellfish collected around Ennore coast, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:8151–8167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahijanzadeh AR, Rouzbahani MM, Sabzalipour S, Nabavi SMB (2019) Ecological risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sediments, seawater, wastewater, and benthic macroinvertebrates, Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 145:377–389

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Ma Z, Vander Kuiip TJ, Yuan Z, Huang L (2014) A reviewof soil heavymetal pollution frommines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 468–469:843–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liao J, Cui X, Feng H, Yan S (2022) Environmental background values and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in watershed sediments: a comparison of assessment methods. Water 14:51. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin Y, Lu J, Wu J (2021) Heavy metals pollution and health risk assessment in farmed scallops: Low level of Cd in coastal water could lead to high risk of seafood. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 208:111768

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R, Jiang W, Li F, Pani Y, Wang C, Tian H (2021) Occurrence, partition, and risk of seven heavy metals in sediments, seawater, and organisms from the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, China. J Environ Manag 279:111771

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WH, Zhao JZ, Quyang ZY, Söderlund L, Liu GH (2005) Impacts of sewage on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environ Int 31:805–812

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Zhang L (2017) Concentration, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface sediments in Yinghai: a shellfish cultivation zone in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Mar Pollut Bull 121(1–2):216–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maanan M, Saddik M, Maanan M, Chaibi M, Assobhei O, Zourarah B (2015) Environmental and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Nador lagoon, Morocco. Ecol Indic 48:616–626

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonaldD D, Berger TA I (2000) development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 39:20–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Magni LF, Castro LN, Rendina AE (2021) Evaluation of heavy metal contamination levels in river sediments and their risk to human health in urban areas: a case study in the Matanza-Riachuelo Basin, Argentina. Environ Res 197:110979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makedonski L, Peycheva K, Stancheva M (2017) Determination of heavy metals in selected black sea fish species. Food Control 72:313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manev I, Kirov V, Neshovska H (2020) Heavy metals accumulation in black sea ecosystems: seawater, sediment, algae, benthic organisms. Tradit Moder Veterin Med 2(9):88–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Mashiatullah A, Chaudhary MZ, Ahmad N, Ahmad N, Javed T, Ghaffar A (2015) Geochemical assessment of metal pollution and ecotoxicology in sediment cores along Karachi coast, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 187:249

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller G (1981) The heavy metal pollution of the sediments of neckars and its tributary: a stocktaking. Chemiker Zeitung 105:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Nethaji S, Kalaivanan R, Viswam A, Jayaprakash M (2017) Geochemical assessment of heavy metals pollution in surface sediments of Vellar and Coleroon estuaries, southeast coast of India. Mar Pollut Bull 115(1–2):469–479

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neyestani MR, Bastami KD, Esmaeilzadeh M, Shemirani F, Khazaali A, Molamohyeddin N, Afkhami M, Nourbakhsh S, Dehghani M, Aghaei S, Firouzbakht M (2016) Geochemical speciation and ecological risk assessment of selected metals in the surface sediments of the northern Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 109(1):603–611

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nour HE, El-Sorogy AS (2017) Distribution and enrichment of heavy metals in Sabratha coastal sediments. Mediterranean Sea, Libya. J Afr Earth Sci 134:222–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nour HE, El-Sorogy AS, Abd El-Wahab M, Nouh ES, Mohamaden M, Al-Kahtany K (2019) Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals pollution from the Shalateen coastal sediments. Red Sea, Egypt. Mar Pollut Bull 144:167–172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nour HE, Helal SA, WahabMA MA (2022) Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in beach sediments of Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt, 2022. Mar Pollut Bull 177:113517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ntakirutimana T, Du G, Guo J-S, Gao X, Huang L (2013) Pollution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in a lake. Pol J Environ Stud 22:1129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okereafor U, Makhatha M, Mekuto L, Uche-Okereafor N, Sebola T, Mavumengwana V (2020) Toxic metal implications on agricultural soils, plants, animals, aquatic life and human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(7):2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otansev P, Taşkın H, Başsarı A, Varinlioğlu A (2016) Distribution and environmental impacts of heavy metals and radioactivity in sediment and seawater samples of the Marmara Sea. Chemosphere 154:266–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozkoc Boke H, Bakan G, Arıman S (2007) Distribution and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides along the Black Sea Coast. Environ Geochem Health 29:59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Paithankar JG, Saini S, Dwivedi S, Sharma A, Chowdhuri DK (2021) Heavy metal associated health hazards: an interplay of oxidative stress and signal transduction. Chemosphere 262:128350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan L, Ma J, Hu Y, Su B, Fang G, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Xiang B (2016) Assessments of levels, potential ecological risk, and human health risk of heavy metals in the soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:19330–19340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7044-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pecina V, Brtnicky M, Baltazar T, Juricka D, Kynicky J, Galiov VM (2021) Human health and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in urban soils of 101 cities in China: a meta-analysis. Chemosphere 267:129215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinton JN, Catt JA (2007) Enrichment of heavy metals in sediment resulting from soil erosion on agricultural fields. Environ Sci Technol 41:3495–3500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabajczyk A, Jozwiak MA, Jozwiak M, Kozłowski R (2011) Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr) in bottom sediments and the recultivation of Kielce Lake. Pol J Environ Stud 20:1013–1019

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravichandran M, Baskaran M, Santschi PH, Bianchi T (1995) History of trace metal pollution in Sabine-Neches Estuary, Beaumont, Texas. Environ Sci Technol 29:1495–1503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehman I, Ishaq M, Ali L, Khan S, Ahmad I, Din IU, Ullah H (2018) Enrichment, spatial distribution of potential ecological and human health risk assessment via toxic metals in soil and surface water ingestion in the vicinity of Sewakht mines, district Chitral, Northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 154:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann C, Caritat P (2005) Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment. In: Regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors. Science of the total environment vol 337, pp 91–107

  • Rovira J, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2015) Human exposure to trace elements through the skin by direct contact with clothing: risk assessment. Environ Res 140:308–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachithanandam V, Parthasarathy P, Sai Elangovan S, Kasilingam K, Dhivya P, Mageswaran T, Mohan PM (2020) A baseline study on trace metals concentration and its ecological risk assessment from the coast of South Andaman Island, India. Region Stud Mar Sci 36:101242

    Google Scholar 

  • Saleem M, Iqbal J, Shah MH (2015) Geochemical speciation, anthropogenic contamination, risk assessment and source identification of selected metals in freshwater sediments - A case study from Mangla Lake, Pakistan. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 4:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2015.02.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sall ML, Diaw AKD, Gningue-Sall D, Aaron SE, Aaron J-J (2020) Toxic heavy metals: impact on the environment and human health, and treatment with conducting organic polymers, a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:29927–29942

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salomons W, Förstner U (1995) Heavy metals: problems and solutions. Springer Verlag, Heildrbeberg, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Sany TBS, Hashim R, Rezayi M, Salleh A, Safari O (2014) A review of strategies to monitor water and sediment quality for a sustainability assessment of marine environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:813–833

    Google Scholar 

  • Sari E, Cukrov N, Franciskovic-Bilinski S, Kurt MA, Mihri H (2016) Contamination assessment of ecotoxic metals in recent sediments from the Ergene River, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 75:1051–1064

    Google Scholar 

  • Satheeswaran T, Yuvaraj P, Damotharan P, Karthikeyan V, Kumar P, GopalJ, Balasubramanian T, Kirubagaran R D (2019) Assessment of trace metal contamination in the marine sediment, seawater, and bivalves of Parangipettai, southeast coast of India. Mar Pollut Bull 149:110499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh KP, Mohan D, Singh VK, Malik A (2005) Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sedimentsda tributary of the Ganges, India. J Hydrol 312(1–4):14–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoichev T, Makedonski L, Trifonova T, Stancheva M, Ribarova F (2007) DDT in fish from the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea. Chem Ecol 23(3):191–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun X, Li B-S, Liu X-L, Li C-X (2020) Spatial variations and potential risks of heavy metals in seawater, sediments, and living organisms in Jiuzhen Bay, China, Hindawi. J Chem 7971294

  • Sun Q, Zhang C, Liguo WU, Maowei JU, Cui L (2017) Concentration distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments in Honghai Bay. Ecol Environ Sci 26(5):843–849

    Google Scholar 

  • Suresh G, Ramasamy V, Sundarrajan M, Paramasivam K (2015) Spatial and vertical distributions of heavy metals and their potential toxicity levels in various beach sediments from high-background-radiation area, Kerala, India. Mar Pollut Bull 91:389–400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland RA (2000) Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ Geol 39:6

    Google Scholar 

  • Taft RA, Jones C (2001) Director Sediment Sampling Guide and Methodologies, 2nd edn. State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, OhioEPA, Columbus

  • Taylor SR (1964) Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 28:1273–1285

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) In the contiental crust: it’s composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev Geophys 33:241–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Tessier E, Garnier C, Mullot J-U, Lenoble V, Arnaud M, Raynaud M, Mounier S (2011) Study of the spatial and historical distribution of sediment inorganic contamination in the Toulon bay (France). Mar Pollut Bull 62(10):2075–2086

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tırınk S, Özkoç BH (2021) Effects of toxic heavy metals on the environment and human health, Chapter 6, Highly Interconnected &Endless Puzzle: Agriculture 99

  • Tian K, Wu Q, Liu P, Hu W, Huang B, Shi B, Zhou Y, Kwon BO, Choi K, Ryu J, Khim JS, Wang T (2020) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments and water from the coastal areas of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Environ Int 136:105512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokatlı C (2021) Health risk assessment of toxic metals in surface and groundwater resources of a significant agriculture and industry zone in Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 80:156

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson D, Wilson J, Harris C, Jeffrey D (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgolander Meeresunters 33:566

    Google Scholar 

  • USEPA (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund. In: Human health evaluation manual (Part A), vol I. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC

  • USEPA (2000) Guidance for assessing chemical contaminant data for use in fish advisories. Risk Assessment and Fish Consumption Limit. Office of Science and Technology and Office of Water, Washington

  • USEPA (2002) Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites [R]. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC ([OSWER9355.4-24])

  • USEPA (2004a) Integrated risk information system (IRIS), lead and compounds (inorganic); CASRN 7439-92-1, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, https://cfpub.epa.gov/

  • USEPA (2004b) Risk assessment guidance for superfund (RAGS). Volume I. Human health evaluation manual (HHEM). Part E. Supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency

  • USEPA (2016) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Visited: 2016-3-5. USEPA. Available at: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/search/index.cfm?keyword

  • USEPA (2020) Regional Screening Level (RSL) Resident Soil Table (TR¼1E−06, HQ¼1). May 2020 (Corrected). US Environmental Protection Agency. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/200047.pdf. Accessed date 6 June 2020

  • Ustaoğlu F (2021) Ecotoxicological risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Çömlekci stream, Giresun, Turkey. Envıron Forens 22(1–2):130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2020.1806148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ustaoğlu F, Islam MS (2020) Potential toxic elements in sediment of some rivers at Giresun, Northeast Turkey: a preliminary assessment for ecotoxicological status and health risk. Ecol Ind 113:106237

    Google Scholar 

  • Varol M (2020) Environmental, ecological and health risks of trace metals in sediments of a large reservoir on the Euphrates River (Turkey). Environ Res 187:109664

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varol M, Şen B (2012) Assessment of nutrient and heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments of the upper Tigris River, Turkey. CATENA 92:1–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang WX, Lu G (2017) Heavy metals in bivalve mollusks. In: Schrenk D, Cartus A (eds) Chemical contaminants and residues in food, 2nd edn. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology. Nutrition, pp 53–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Hu J, Xiong K, Huang X, Duan S (2012) Distribution of heavymetals in core sediments from Baihua Lake. Procedia Environ Sci 16:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weng N, Wang WX (2014) Improved tolerance of metals in contaminated oyster larvae. Aquat Toxicol 146:61–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WFD (2000) Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (2000/60/EC) Establishing a Framework of Community Action in the Field of Water Policy, 2000

  • Wu J, Lu J, Li L, Min X, Luo Y (2018) Pollution, ecological-health risks, and sources of heavy metals in soil of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chemosphere 201:234–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia P, Meng X, Yin P, Cao Z, Wang X (2011) Eighty years sedimentary recordrecord of heavy metal inputs in the intertidal sediments from the Nanliu River estuary, Beibu Gulf of South China Sea. Environ Pollut 159:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia W, Chen L, Deng X, Liang G, Giesy J, Rao Q, Wen Z, Wu Y, Chen J, Xie P (2019) Spatial and interspecies differences in concentrations of eight trace elements in wild freshwater fishes at different trophic levels from middle and eastern China. Sci Total Environ 672:883–892

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi Y, Yang Z, Zhang S (2011) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lowerreaches of the Yangtze River basin. Environ Pollut 159:2575–2585

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yongming H, Peixuan D, Junji C, Posmentier ES (2006) Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Sci Total Environ 355:176–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan Y, Suna T, Wang H, Liua Y, Pana Y, Xiea Y, Huang H, Fan Z (2020) Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals to bivalve species in Daya Bay (South China Sea): consumption advisory. Mar Pollut Bull 150:110717

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang G, Bai J, Xiao R, Zhao Q, Jia J, Cui B, Liu X (2017) Heavy metal fractions and ecological risk assessment in sedimentsfrom urban, rural and reclamation afected rivers of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Chemosphere 184:278–288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Gao X (2015) Heavy metals in surface sediments of the intertidal Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China: distributions, sources and contamination assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 98(1–2):320–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, He P, Qiao G, Huang J, Yuan X, Li Q (2019) Heavy metal contamination assessment of surface sediments of the Subei Shoal, China: spatial distribution, source apportionment and ecological risk. Chemosphere 223:211–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Zhou L, Zhang F, Ding YJ, Gao JR, Chen J, Yan HQ, Shao W (2013) Heavy metal pollution and assessment in the tidal flat sediments of Haizhou Bay. China Mar Pollut Bull 74(1):403–412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Juying L, Mamat Z, Ye QingFu Y (2016) Sources identification and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Bortala River, Northwest China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 126:94–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Wu J, Zhan S, Pan B, Cai Y (2021) Environmental geochemical characteristics and the provenance of sediments in the catchment of lower reach of Yarlung Tsangpo River, southeast Tibetan Plateau. CATENA 200:105150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Xiaodong Y, Simay Z, Mohammed A (2018) Health risk evaluation of heavy metals in green land soils from urban parks in Urumqi, northwest China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:4459–4473

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The present research was supported by Ondokuz Mayıs University with the scientific research project with reference number PYO.MUH.1904.20.006.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ondokuz Mayıs University Grant PYO.MUH.1904.20.006.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kurupelit Campus, 55200, Samsun, Turkey

    Hülya Böke Özkoç

  2. Department of Meteorological Engineering, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Samsun University, 55420 Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey

    Sema Arıman

Authors
  1. Hülya Böke Özkoç
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sema Arıman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sema Arıman.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Böke Özkoç, H., Arıman, S. Contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals in coastal sediments from the Mid-Black Sea, Turkey. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 37, 375–394 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02300-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02300-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation