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Diverse dynamics of Holocene mafic-intermediate Plinian eruptions at Mt. Taranaki (Egmont), New Zealand

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Abstract

Over the last 5000 years, at least 53 eruptive episodes have occurred at Mt. Taranaki (western North Island, New Zealand), from either its summit crater (~ 2500 m) or a satellite vent on Fanthams Peak (~ 1900 m). The magmas erupted have a wide range of compositions from basaltic to trachy-andesitic (~ 48–60 wt% SiO2). Five large-magnitude episodes from this sequence were studied so as to characterize a typical range of explosive eruption styles at andesitic stratovolcanoes, including three eruptions from the summit crater and two from Fanthams Peak. Sustained eruption columns characterized the climactic phase of all five eruptions, but these were interspersed with pulsating, collapsing, or oscillating conditions. Eruption columns reached between 14 to 29 km in height and ejected minimum volumes of 0.1–1.1 km3 at mass discharge rates of 1 × 107–2 × 108 kg/s, indicating magnitudes of 4.1 to 5.1. The simplest eruptions occurred from Fanthams Peak with basaltic magmas producing high-climactic eruption columns rapidly after vent opening, followed by gentle waning phases or a passage into a lava-fountaining phase. Eruptions of higher-silica magmas at the summit vent, by contrast, showed longer pre-climactic eruptive phases with either dome growth or complex phases of vent clearance and blockage producing unsteady eruption columns. The latter eruption types produced block-and-ash flows, lateral-blast surges, and column-collapse pumice-and-ash flows, with run-out distances of 3–19 km, covering 5–70 km2 with volumes of up to 0.022 km3. Our results demonstrate that very different eruption scenarios may occur at different vent locations, or with subtly different compositions erupted, on the same stratovolcano so that emergency management planning must take such a range of possibilities into account.

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Acknowledgements

We are in debt to A.S. Palmer for his support in the field and to K. Arentsen for her assistance with logistics. Constructive comments from C. Bonadonna, A. Harris, and two anonymous reviewers improved this article. We thank the Department of Conservation in Taranaki for their assistance with permits. SJC is supported by the “Quantifying exposure to specific and multiple volcanic hazards” programme of the NZ Natural Hazards Research Platform. This work forms part of the first author’s doctoral thesis. RTO is supported by a Massey University Doctoral Scholarship, a CONACyT (Mexico) Doctoral Scholarship, and the George Mason Trust of Taranaki.

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  1. Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand

    Rafael Torres-Orozco, Shane J. Cronin & Magret Damaschke

  2. School of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, New Zealand

    Shane J. Cronin

  3. Department of Geoscience, University of Los Andes, Cr 1 #18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia

    Natalia Pardo

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  1. Rafael Torres-Orozco
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Correspondence to Rafael Torres-Orozco.

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Online Resource 1

A Deposit thickness and average pumice and dense clast diameters measured at different sections located on the eastern flanks of Mt. Taranaki. B Volume and density analyses and porosity determinations of pyroclasts from different bed-sets produced by Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions at Mt. Taranaki. C Summary of key lithostratigraphic characteristics of deposits produced by selected eruptions at Mt. Taranaki (modified from Torres-Orozco et al. 2017). D Isopach data of individual or combined fall deposit layers and resulting geometrical values. E Isopleth data of individual fall deposit layers and resulting geometrical values. F Column height (HT) in kilometers, calculated by applying different methods using isopleth and isopach data. G Eruption classification parameters calculated from isopleth and isopach data. (PDF 656 kb)

Online Resource 2

A Whole-rock analyses of juvenile pyroclasts from different bed-sets deposited by eruptions of Mt. Taranaki. B MgO vs. SiO2 diagrams of bulk-deposit (black symbols), pumice (P) or other vesicular juvenile clasts (VJ, white symbols), and dense andesitic clasts (DC, gray symbols) from different layers, or from different stratigraphic levels within a layer (base, middle “mid” and top), of bed-sets deposited by distinct eruptions from Mt. Taranaki. Data modified from previous works (*) correspond to Franks (1984), May (2003), Platz et al. (2007) and Turner et al. (2011b). BAF block-and-ash flow deposits, PDC other pyroclastic density current deposits. (PDF 159 kb)

Online Resource 3

Bulk, isopach and isopleth, fall deposit data of each bed-set studied. Isopach data were plotted on Log(Thickness) in meters vs. distance expressed as Isopach Area1/2, comprising: a individual segments, a1 proximal single segments (0a) of selected isopachs; b two to three individual segments (proximal 0 or 0b, and others: 1 or 1a, 1b and 2). Isopleth data were plotted on pumice (or vesicular juvenile clasts of the Manganui-D bed-set) or dense andesitic clast diameters (in centimeters) vs. distance expressed as Isopleth Area1/2, comprising: c only individual segments, and c1 proximal (0) segments only constrained for the Upper Inglewood, layer Uig7, to prevent the use of inconsistent data. Data modified from previous works (*) correspond to Whitehead (1976) and Platz et al. (2007). (PDF 311 kb)

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Torres-Orozco, R., Cronin, S.J., Damaschke, M. et al. Diverse dynamics of Holocene mafic-intermediate Plinian eruptions at Mt. Taranaki (Egmont), New Zealand. Bull Volcanol 79, 76 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-017-1162-4

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