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Effects of deglaciation on the petrology and eruptive history of the Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland

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Abstract

New observations and geochemical analyses of volcanic features in the 170-km-long Western Volcanic Zone (WVZ) of Iceland constrain spatial and temporal variations in volcanic production and composition associated with the last major deglaciation. Subglacial eruptions represent a significant portion of the late Quaternary volcanic budget in Iceland. Individual features can have volumes up to ∼48 km3 and appear to be monogenetic. Subaqueous to subaerial transition zones provide minimum estimates of ice sheet thickness at the time of eruption, although water-magma interactions and fluctuating lake levels during eruption can lead to complex lithological sequences. New major and trace element data for 36 glacial and postglacial eruptive units, combined with observations of lava surface quality, passage zone heights, and 3He exposure ages of some glacial units, indicate a maximum in volcanic production in the WVZ during the last major ice retreat. Anomalously high volcanic production rates continue into the early postglacial period and coincide with significant incompatible element depletions and slightly higher CaO and SiO2 and lower FeO content at a given MgO. Subglacial units with strong incompatible element depletions also have lava surfaces that lack evidence of subsequent glaciation. These units likely formed after the onset of deglaciation, when rapidly melting ice sheets increased decompression rates in the underlying mantle, leading to anomalously high melting rates in the depleted upper mantle. This process also can explain the eruption of extremely depleted picritic lavas during the early postglacial period. These new observations indicate that the increased volcanic activity associated with glacial unloading peaked earlier than previously thought, before Iceland was completely ice free.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Alice Colman, Mark Higley, and JoAnn Sinton for assistance in the field; Eric Hellebrand for the help with the microprobe and XRF analyses; Chuck Fraley for ICP-MS analyses; and JoAnn Sinton for thin section preparation. Many thanks to Joshua Curtice for assistance with the mineral separates and helium measurements and to Logi Karlsson for providing us with an excellent field vehicle. We are grateful to John Maclennan, Joseph Licciardi, editor Thorvaldur Thordarson, and two anonymous reviewers, whose thorough reviews led to substantial improvements in the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation grant EAR09-11301. This is SOEST contribution #9299.

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  1. Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1680 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    Deborah E. Eason & John M. Sinton

  2. Nordic Volcanological Center, University of Iceland, Askja, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Karl Grönvold

  3. Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA

    Mark D. Kurz

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  1. Deborah E. Eason
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Correspondence to Deborah E. Eason.

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Eason, D.E., Sinton, J.M., Grönvold, K. et al. Effects of deglaciation on the petrology and eruptive history of the Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland. Bull Volcanol 77, 47 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0916-0

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