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Intraglacial volcanism in the Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland

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Abstract

The Western Volcanic Zone in Iceland (64.19° to 65.22° N) has the morphological characteristics of a distinct Mid-Atlantic ridge segment. This volcanic zone was mapped at a scale of 1:36.000, and 258 intraglacial monogenetic volcanoes from the Late Pleistocene (0.01–0.78 Ma) were identified and investigated. The zone is characterized by infrequent comparatively large volcanic eruptions and the overall volcanic activity appears to have been low throughout the Late Pleistocene. Tholeiitic basaltic rocks dominate in the Western Volcanic Zone with about 0.5 vol. % of intermediate and silicic rocks. The basalts divide into picrites, olivine tholeiites, and tholeiites. Three main eruptive phases can be distinguished in the intraglacial volcanoes: an effusive deep-water lava phase producing basal pillow lavas, an explosive shallow-water phase producing hyaloclastites and an effusive subaerial capping lava phase. Three evolutionary stages therefore charcterize these volcanoes; late dykes and irregular minor intrusions could be added as the fourth main stage. These intrusions are potential heat sources for short-lived hydrothermal systems and may play an important role in the final shaping of the volcanoes. Substantial parts of the hyaloclastites of each unit are proximal sedimentary deposits. The intraglacial volcanoes divide into two main morphological groups, ridge-shaped volcanoes, i.e., tindars (including pillow lava ridges) and subrectangular volcanoes, i.e., tuyas and hyaloclastite or pillow lava mounds. The volume of the tuyas is generally much larger than that of the tindars. The largest tuya, Eiríksjökull, is about 48 km3 and therefore the largest known monogenetic volcano in Iceland. Many of the large volcanoes, both tuyas and tindars, show a similar, systematic range in geochemistry. The most primitive compositions were erupted first and the magmas then changed to more differentiated compositions. The ridge-shaped tindars clearly erupted from volcanic fissures and the more equi-dimensional tuyas mainly from a single crater. It is suggested that the morphology and structure of the intraglacial volcanos mainly depends on two factors, (a) tectonic control and (b) availability of magma at the time of eruption.

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Acknowledgments

The first author was assisted in the field, alternatively by the geology students Thráinn Fridriksson, Thorbjörn Rúnarsson, Hallgrímur D. Indridason, and Reynir F. Reynisson, during most of the summers of 1994 to 2005. James G. Moore took part in two field trips and supplied valuable information on several tuyas at the Langjökull ice cap. Helgi Björnsson is thanked for making available unpublished results of the bedrock topography of the Langjökull ice cap. James G. Moore and Kristján Jónasson read an early draft of the paper and provided valuable comments. Discussions with Magnús T. Gudmundsson on the subject of intraglacial volcanism were particularly enlightening. The paper was greatly improved by the constructive comments of J.D.L. White, and reviews by J.L. Smellie and an anonymous reviewer also significantly improved it. Anette T. Meier is thanked for the final graphic design of the maps and figures. This project was supported by grants from the Icelandic National Research Fund, Reykjavik, and the Office of Naval Research, Washington, USA.

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  1. Icelandic Institute of Natural History, P.O. Box 125, 212, Gardabaer, Iceland

    S. P. Jakobsson

  2. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    G. L. Johnson

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  1. S. P. Jakobsson
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Correspondence to S. P. Jakobsson.

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Fig. 1

Location map for the volcanoes analyzed in Table 1, and Tables 2–4 in the Electronic Supplementary Material. Compare with Fig. 1 (JPEG 1,864 kb)

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Jakobsson, S.P., Johnson, G.L. Intraglacial volcanism in the Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland. Bull Volcanol 74, 1141–1160 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0589-x

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