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Grazer removal and nutrient enrichment as recovery enhancers for overexploited rocky subtidal habitats

  • Community ecology - Original research
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Abstract

Increasing anthropogenic pressures are causing long-lasting regime shifts from high-diversity ecosystems to low-diversity degraded ones. Understanding the effects of multiple threats on ecosystems, and identifying processes allowing for the recovery of biodiversity, are the current major challenges in ecology. In several temperate marine areas, large parts of rocky subtidal habitats characterised by high diversity have been completely degraded to barren grounds by overfishing, including illegal date mussel fishing. Bare areas are characterized by the dominance of sea urchins whose grazing perpetuates the impact of overfishing. We investigated experimentally the separate and combined effects of nutrient enrichment and sea urchin exclusion on the recovery of barren grounds. Our results indicate that the two factors have a synergistic effect leading to the re-establishment of erect macroalgal canopies, enhancing the structural complexity of subtidal assemblages. In particular, in the overfished system considered here, the recovery of disturbed assemblages could occur only if sea urchins are removed. However, the recolonization of barren grounds by erect macroalgae is further enhanced under enriched conditions. This study demonstrates that the recovery of dramatically depleted marine habitats is possible, and provides useful indications for specific management actions, which at present are totally lacking, to achieve the restoration of barren grounds caused by human activity.

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Acknowledgments

We thank E. Vierucci, A. Terlizzi and C. Vaglio for help with fieldwork and A. Basset, F. Boero, A. J. Underwood, and three anonymous reviewers, for providing constructive comments on a previous version of the manuscript. The support of the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 287844 for the project Towards Coast to Coast Networks of Marine Protected Areas (from the shore to the high and deep sea), coupled with Sea-Based Wind Energy Potential (COCONET) and the project Tetris (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca) are also acknowledged. Thanks are due to the MPA of Porto Cesareo for technical support.

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  1. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, CoNISMa, 73100, Lecce, Italy

    Giuseppe Guarnieri, Stanislao Bevilacqua, Fabio Vignes & Simonetta Fraschetti

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  1. Giuseppe Guarnieri
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  2. Stanislao Bevilacqua
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Guarnieri, G., Bevilacqua, S., Vignes, F. et al. Grazer removal and nutrient enrichment as recovery enhancers for overexploited rocky subtidal habitats. Oecologia 175, 959–970 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2944-4

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