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Biomass, diversity and production of rocky shore macroalgae at two nutrient enrichment and wave action levels

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Abstract

The littoral zone of temperate rocky shores is normally dominated by perennial macroalgae (e.g. Fucus, Ascophyllum, Laminaria), but nutrient enrichment and/or permanently decreased wave action may lead to structural community changes from dominance of perennials to increased amounts of annual opportunistic species (mainly green algae). Macroalgal biomass, diversity and production as well as relationships between the two latter were studied using Solbergstrand’s rocky shore mesocosms in SE Norway in connection with a long-term experimental manipulation of nutrient addition and wave action (high and low levels of both factors applied in a crossed way to eight outdoor basins). After more than 2 years of experimental treatment, the total standing stock of macroalgae was larger in low nutrient than in high nutrient treatments as well as in high wave compared to low wave treatments (in autumn only). For macroalgal functional groups, bushy and filamentous brown and filamentous red algae were generally favoured by low nutrient concentrations, while annual filamentous and sheet-like green algae were stimulated by the nutrient enrichment. There was only one significant interaction between nutrient enrichment and wave action (for brown filamentous algae in autumn) and also only one significant main effect of the wave treatment (for bushy brown algae in autumn). Surprisingly, the high nutrient treatments supported a higher diversity of macroalgae, whereas the low nutrient treatments generally showed higher production rates. Moreover, significantly negative correlations were found between macroalgal diversity and primary productivity in both summer and autumn. This study shows that it is the biological components of the communities subjected to external forcing (nutrient addition or decreased wave action) that regulate production and this contradicts the common misperception that resource production in natural systems simply can be fast-forwarded by fertilization. The negative relationships between diversity and productivity, although a consequence of unexpected results for diversity and production, are also novel and hint towards species identities having more important functional consequences than general species dominance patterns and the amount of species per se. These results also emphasise the context dependency of findings within the field of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

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Acknowledgments

The main part of this work was funded by the Academy of Finland (decision number 105622), but financial support was also received from Svenska Kulturfonden, Ella och Georg Ehrnrooths Stiftelse, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, and the MARBEF network (by sharing travel costs with the responsive mode project BIOFUSE). We are grateful to Per-Ivar Johannessen and Oddbjørn Pettersen for excellent daily maintenance of the Solbergstrand mesocosms, to Noora Mustamäki for analyses of fauna samples and for field assistance in Norway as well as to Conny Sjöqvist for analyses of fauna samples. The text benefitted from the thoughtful comments made by three reviewers. The Solbergstrand mesocosms can be viewed live at the web-cam-link: http://151.157.160.150/view/index.shtml (username and password=guest).

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  1. ARONIA, Coastal Zone Research Team, Åbo Akademi University and Novia University of Applied Sciences, Raseborgsvägen 9, 10600, Ekenäs, Finland

    Patrik Kraufvelin

  2. Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520, Turku, Finland

    Patrik Kraufvelin, Ann Lindholm & Erik Bonsdorff

  3. Department of Environmental, Social & Spatial Change (ENSPAC), Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark

    Morten Foldager Pedersen

  4. Kirkerudveien 17, 3470, Slemmestad, Norway

    Lars Andreas Kirkerud

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Correspondence to Patrik Kraufvelin.

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Kraufvelin, P., Lindholm, A., Pedersen, M.F. et al. Biomass, diversity and production of rocky shore macroalgae at two nutrient enrichment and wave action levels. Mar Biol 157, 29–47 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-009-1293-z

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