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Evolutionary dynamics of Anolis sex chromosomes revealed by sequencing of flow sorting-derived microchromosome-specific DNA

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Abstract

Squamate reptiles show a striking diversity in modes of sex determination, including both genetic (XY or ZW) and temperature-dependent sex determination systems. The genomes of only a handful of species have been sequenced, analyzed and assembled including the genome of Anolis carolinensis. Despite a high genome coverage, only macrochromosomes of A. carolinensis were assembled whereas the content of most microchromosomes remained unclear. Most of the Anolis species have homomorphic XY sex chromosome system. However, some species have large heteromorphic XY chromosomes (e.g., A. sagrei) and even multiple sex chromosomes systems (e.g. A. pogus), that were shown to be derived from fusions of the ancestral XY with microautosomes. We applied next generation sequencing of flow sorting-derived chromosome-specific DNA pools to characterize the content and composition of microchromosomes in A. carolinensis and A. sagrei. Comparative analysis of sequenced chromosome-specific DNA pools revealed that the A. sagrei XY sex chromosomes contain regions homologous to several microautosomes of A. carolinensis. We suggest that the sex chromosomes of A. sagrei are derived by fusions of the ancestral sex chromosome with three microautosomes and subsequent loss of some genetic content on the Y chromosome.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

      Ilya G. Kichigin, Alex I. Makunin, Alexander S. Graphodatsky & Vladimir A. Trifonov

    2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy

      Massimo Giovannotti, Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi, Andrea Splendiani & Paolo Ruggeri

    3. Cytometry Core Facility, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK

      Bee L. Ng

    4. Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

      Marsel R. Kabilov & Alexey E. Tupikin

    5. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine Sezione Pesca Marittima, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125, Ancona, Italy

      Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi

    6. Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK

      Willem Rens, Patricia C. M. O’Brien & Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith

    7. Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

      Alexander S. Graphodatsky & Vladimir A. Trifonov

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    1. Ilya G. Kichigin
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    2. Massimo Giovannotti
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    14. Vladimir A. Trifonov
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    Correspondence to Ilya G. Kichigin.

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    Funding

    The work was supported by the Budget Projects 0310-2014-0003, 0310-2014-0008, 0310-2014-0009 provided to Vladimir A. Trifonov, partly by RSF Grant No. 16-14-10009 provided to A. Graphodatsky, and by the funds provided by Ministry of Education, University and Research (Italy) (“Ricerche di citogenetica molecolare sui sistemi di determinazione del sesso nei rettili squamati, sottordine Sauria”; Grant number: PRIN2009/20093HYH97) to Vincenzo Caputo Barucchi.

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    The authors declare they have no competing interests.

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    This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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    Communicated by S. Xu.

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    Kichigin, I.G., Giovannotti, M., Makunin, A.I. et al. Evolutionary dynamics of Anolis sex chromosomes revealed by sequencing of flow sorting-derived microchromosome-specific DNA. Mol Genet Genomics 291, 1955–1966 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-016-1230-z

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