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Extracellular vesicles shed by Trypanosoma cruzi are linked to small RNA pathways, life cycle regulation, and susceptibility to infection of mammalian cells

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Abstract

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi has a complex life cycle characterized by intracellular and extracellular forms alternating between invertebrate and mammals. To cope with these changing environments, T. cruzi undergoes rapid changes in gene expression, which are achieved essentially at the posttranscriptional level. At present, expanding families of small RNAs are recognized as key players in novel forms of posttranscriptional gene regulation in most eukaryotes. However, T. cruzi lacks canonical small RNA pathways. In a recent work, we reported the presence of alternate small RNA pathways in T. cruzi mainly represented by a homogeneous population of tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs). In T. cruzi epimastigotes submitted to nutrient starvation, tsRNAs colocalized with an argonaute protein distinctive of trypanosomatids (TcPIWI-tryp) and were recruited to particular cytoplasmic granules. Using epifluorescence and electronic microscopy, we observed that tsRNAs and the TcPIWI-tryp protein were recruited mainly to reservosomes and other intracellular vesicles including endosome-like vesicles and vesicular structures resembling the Golgi complex. These data suggested that, in T. cruzi, tsRNA biogenesis is probably part of endocytic/exocytic routes. We also demonstrated that epimastigotes submitted to nutrient starvation shed high levels of vesicles to the extracellular medium, which carry small tRNAs and TcPIWI-tryp proteins as cargo. At least a fraction of extracellular vesicle cargo was transferred between parasites and to mammalian susceptible cells. Our data afford experimental evidence, indicating that extracellular vesicles shed by T. cruzi promote not only life cycle transition of epimastigotes to trypomastigote forms but also infection susceptibility of mammalian cells

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Agency of Research and Innovation (ANII, Uruguay), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo (Uruguay) and CNPq (Prosul), CAPEs and FAPERJ from Brazil.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, CP 11400, Uruguay

    Maria R. Garcia-Silva, Florencia Cabrera-Cabrera, Julia Sanguinetti & Alfonso Cayota

  2. Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Ultraestrutura, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Roberta Ferreira Cura das Neves & Thais Souto-Padron

  3. Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Lia C. Medeiros & Wanderley de Souza

  4. Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Carlos Robello

  5. Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Hugo Naya & Tamara Fernandez-Calero

  6. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Alfonso Cayota

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  1. Maria R. Garcia-Silva
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Figure S1

Time-course analysis of tRNA halves accumulation in epimastigotes submitted to nutritional stress. Epimastigotes under optimal growth (unstressed), stressed for 48 h (sE48) and trypomastigotes were fixed and hybridized with probes specific for tRNAGlu 5′ halves (red). Samples were counterstained with DAPI 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) at 1 mg ml−1 and merged images were obtained by superimposing the indicated images files. (JPEG 88 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 1780 kb)

Figure S2

T. cruzi epimastigotes submitted to nutrient starvation. Epimastigotes at the late-stationary phase of growth in LIT medium were washed and resuspended in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium and further cultured for 48 h (sE48). a Visualization of sE48 parasites by differential interference contrast microscopy. b HeLa cells after 2 days of infection with sE48 parasites where DAPI stained amastigotes are indicated by arrows. c Percentage of trypomastigotes overtime in different culture conditions. Normal growing parasites in LIT medium (LIT), epimastigotes at the late-stationary phase in LIT medium (stationary phase) and epimastigotes submitted to nutrient starvation in RPMI (RPMI). (JPEG 106 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 3717 kb)

Figure S3

Reactivity and specificity of TcPIWI-tryp mRNA probes used in FISH assays. Fixed parasites were hybridized for TcPIWI-tryp mRNA with antisense (positive control) or sense (negative control) oligoprobes conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Samples were counterstained with DAPI 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) at 1 mg ml−1. Merged images were obtained by superimposing the indicated images files. (JPEG 113 kb)

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Garcia-Silva, M.R., Cura das Neves, R.F., Cabrera-Cabrera, F. et al. Extracellular vesicles shed by Trypanosoma cruzi are linked to small RNA pathways, life cycle regulation, and susceptibility to infection of mammalian cells. Parasitol Res 113, 285–304 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3655-1

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