Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) contains at least three distinct populations of neurons (cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABA-ergic) across its different regions (medial septum, diagonal band, magnocellular preoptic area, and substantia innominata). Much attention has focused on the BF’s ascending projections to cortex, but less is known about descending projections to subcortical regions. Given the neurochemical and anatomical heterogeneity of the BF, we used conditional anterograde tracing to map the patterns of subcortical projections from multiple BF regions and neurochemical cell types using mice that express Cre recombinase only in cholinergic, glutamatergic, or GABAergic neurons. We confirmed that different BF regions innervate distinct subcortical targets, with more subcortical projections arising from neurons in the caudal and lateral BF (substantia innominata and magnocellular preoptic area). Additionally, glutamatergic and GABAergic BF neurons have distinct patterns of descending projections, while cholinergic descending projections are sparse. Considering the intensity of glutamatergic and GABAergic descending projections, the BF likely acts through subcortical targets to promote arousal, motivation, and other behaviors.
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Abbreviations
- 3V:
-
Third ventricle
- AAV:
-
Adeno-associated viral vector
- ac:
-
Anterior commissure
- BF:
-
Basal forebrain
- BLA:
-
Basolateral amygdala
- BST (al):
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, anterolateral area
- CEL:
-
Central amygdala nucleus, lateral
- CEM:
-
Central amygdala nucleus, medial
- ChAT:
-
Choline acetyltransferase
- ChR2:
-
Channelrhodopsin-2
- CM:
-
Central medial nucleus of the thalamus
- CPu:
-
Caudate putamen
- DAB:
-
Diaminobenzidine
- DMH:
-
Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
- DR:
-
Dorsal raphe
- DTg:
-
Dorsal tegmental nucleus
- f:
-
Fornix
- GP:
-
Globus pallidus
- HDB:
-
Horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band
- IAM:
-
Interanteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
- ic:
-
Internal capsule
- IMD:
-
Intermediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
- ip:
-
Intraperitoneal
- IPACm:
-
Interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, medial
- IPN:
-
Interpeduncular nucleus
- LC:
-
Locus coeruleus
- LDT:
-
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
- LHb:
-
Lateral habenula
- LPB:
-
Lateral parabrachial nucleus
- LH:
-
Lateral hypothalamus
- LSD:
-
Lateral septum, dorsal
- LSI:
-
Lateral septum, intermediate
- LPO:
-
Lateral preoptic area
- MEA:
-
Medial amygdala nucleus
- MCPO:
-
Magnocellular preoptic nucleus
- MD:
-
Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
- MHb:
-
Medial habenula
- MM:
-
Medial mammillary nucleus
- MPA:
-
Medial preoptic area
- MPB:
-
Medial parabrachial nucleus
- MPO:
-
Medial preoptic nucleus
- MRF:
-
Medullary reticular formation
- MS:
-
Medial septum
- NI:
-
Nucleus incertus
- NTS:
-
Nucleus of the solitary tract
- opt:
-
Optic tract
- PBel:
-
Parabrachial nucleus, external lateral subnucleus
- PCRt:
-
Parvicellular reticular nucleus
- PeF:
-
Perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus
- PF:
-
Parafascicular nucleus
- PH:
-
Posterior lateral hypothalamus
- PPT:
-
Pedunculopontine nucleus
- PVH:
-
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
- PVT:
-
Paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus
- RRF:
-
Retrorubral field
- SCN:
-
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- scp:
-
Superior cerebellar peduncle
- SI:
-
Substantia innominata
- SNc:
-
Substantia nigra: compact part
- SNr:
-
Substantia nigra: reticular part
- st:
-
Stria terminalis
- STIA:
-
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, intraamygdaloid
- SUM:
-
Supramammillary nucleus
- TRN:
-
Reticular nucleus of the thalamus
- VDB:
-
Vertical nucleus of the diagonal band
- VTA:
-
Ventral tegmental area
- vPAG:
-
Ventral periaqueductal gray
- vGAT:
-
Vesicular GABA transporter
- vGluT1:
-
Vesicular glutamate transporter, type 1
- vGluT2:
-
Vesicular glutamate transporter, type 2
- vGluT3:
-
Vesicular glutamate transporter, type 3
- VMH:
-
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- VP:
-
Ventral pallidum
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Agostinelli, L.J., Geerling, J.C. & Scammell, T.E. Basal forebrain subcortical projections. Brain Struct Funct 224, 1097–1117 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-01820-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-01820-6