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Changing trends in biotechnology of secondary metabolism in medicinal and aromatic plants

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Medicinal and aromatic plants are known to produce secondary metabolites that find uses as flavoring agents, fragrances, insecticides, dyes and drugs. Biotechnology offers several choices through which secondary metabolism in medicinal plants can be altered in innovative ways, to overproduce phytochemicals of interest, to reduce the content of toxic compounds or even to produce novel chemicals. Detailed investigation of chromatin organization and microRNAs affecting biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as well as exploring cryptic biosynthetic clusters and synthetic biology options, may provide additional ways to harness this resource.

Plant secondary metabolites are a fascinating class of phytochemicals exhibiting immense chemical diversity. Considerable enigma regarding their natural biological functions and the vast array of pharmacological activities, amongst other uses, make secondary metabolites interesting and important candidates for research. Here, we present an update on changing trends in the biotechnological approaches that are used to understand and exploit the secondary metabolism in medicinal and aromatic plants. Bioprocessing in the form of suspension culture, organ culture or transformed hairy roots has been successful in scaling up secondary metabolite production in many cases. Pathway elucidation and metabolic engineering have been useful to get enhanced yield of the metabolite of interest; or, for producing novel metabolites. Heterologous expression of putative plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes in a microbe is useful to validate their functions, and in some cases, also, to produce plant metabolites in microbes. Endophytes, the microbes that normally colonize plant tissues, may also produce the phytochemicals produced by the host plant. The review also provides perspectives on future research in the field.

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Abbreviations

4CL:

4-Coumaroyl:CoA ligase

CHI:

Chalcone isomerase

CUS:

Curcuminoid synthase

CYPs:

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

DMAPP:

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

EST:

Expressed sequenced tag

IPP:

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

mA:

Milli ampere (electric current)

MAP:

Medicinal and aromatic plants

MEP:

Methylerythritolphosphate pathway

MEV:

Mevalonate pathway

ORF:

Open reading frame

PAL:

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

PLR:

Pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase

STS:

Stilbene synthase

T DNA:

Transfer deoxyribose nucleic acid

TIA:

Terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway

US-FDA:

United States Food and Drug Administration

UV:

Ultra violet

VIGS:

Virus induced gene silencing

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Acknowledgments

SGG acknowledges the financial support for this work from CSIR 12th FYP project ‘PMSI’ (BSC0117) of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).

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  1. Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India

    Sumit G. Gandhi, Vidushi Mahajan & Yashbir S. Bedi

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110001, India

    Sumit G. Gandhi, Vidushi Mahajan & Yashbir S. Bedi

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  1. Sumit G. Gandhi
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  2. Vidushi Mahajan
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Correspondence to Sumit G. Gandhi.

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Gandhi, S.G., Mahajan, V. & Bedi, Y.S. Changing trends in biotechnology of secondary metabolism in medicinal and aromatic plants. Planta 241, 303–317 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2232-x

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