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Repeated freeze–thaw cycles induce embolism in drought stressed conifers (Norway spruce, stone pine)

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Abstract

Freezing and thawing lead to xylem embolism when gas bubbles caused by ice formation expand during the thaw process. However, previous experimental studies indicated that conifers are resistant to freezing-induced embolism, unless xylem pressure becomes very negative during the freezing. In this study, we show that conifers experienced freezing-induced embolism when exposed to repeated freeze–thaw cycles and simultaneously to drought. Simulating conditions at the alpine timberline (128 days with freeze–thaw events and thawing rates of up to 9.5 K h−1 in the xylem of exposed twigs during winter), young trees of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) were exposed to 50 and 100 freeze–thaw cycles. This treatment caused a significant increase in embolism rates in drought-stressed samples. Upon 100 freeze–thaw cycles, vulnerability thresholds (50% loss of conductivity) were shifted 1.8 MPa (Norway spruce) and 0.8 MPa (stone pine) towards less negative water potentials. The results demonstrate that freeze–thaw cycles are a possible reason for winter-embolism in conifers observed in several field studies. Freezing-induced embolism may contribute to the altitudinal limits of conifers.

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Abbreviations

ψ:

xylem water potential

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Austrian "Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung", Project-No. P13782-BIO. We thank Hanno Richter and Silvia Kikuta (University of agricultural sciences Vienna) for critical discussion of data, Gilbert Neuner an Johanna Wagner (University Innsbruck) for providing the climate chamber and the equipment for anatomical measurements and Birgit Dämon (University Innsbruck) for helpful assistance.

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  1. Institut f. Botanik, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria

    Stefan Mayr, Andreas Gruber & Helmut Bauer

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  1. Stefan Mayr
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  2. Andreas Gruber
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  3. Helmut Bauer
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Correspondence to Stefan Mayr.

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Mayr, S., Gruber, A. & Bauer, H. Repeated freeze–thaw cycles induce embolism in drought stressed conifers (Norway spruce, stone pine). Planta 217, 436–441 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-0997-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-0997-4

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