True smooth muscle neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract: morphological spectrum and classification in a series of 85 cases from a single institute

Abstract

Background and aim

True smooth-muscle neoplasms of the GI tract have been only rarely studied in the KIT era. Their incidence among other GI mesenchymal tumours and their clinicopathological spectrum have not been sufficiently analysed.

Materials and methods

We reviewed all GI mesenchymal lesions at the Pathology Institute of the Nuremberg Clinic Centre from 1994 through 2005.

Results

Among 262 lesions, there were 142 GISTs (54%) and 85 true smooth muscle neoplasms (32%). Smooth muscle neoplasms comprised 72 polypoid leiomyomas (78%, 5 oesophageal and 67 colorectal), 10 intramural leiomyomas (11%, 5 oesophageal, 4 gastric and one ileal), two intramural leiomyosarcomas in the sigmoid colon and ileum (2%) and one polypoid leiomyosarcoma involving the stomach, descending colon and the retroperitoneum concurrently. None of the leiomyomas with available follow-up have recurred or metastasised.

Conclusion

Smooth muscle neoplasms are the second most common mesenchymal neoplasms in the GI tract after GISTs. They may arise either from the muscularis mucosae or proper muscle layer forming polypoid and intramural lesions, respectively. Polypoid leiomyomas are more common in the rectosigmoid, while intramural ones mainly arise in the vicinity of the oesophagogastric junction. Polypoid leiomyomas are sufficiently treated by endoscopic resection, and local surgical excision is the treatment of choice for intramural leiomyomas. Intramural leiomyosarcomas are rare high-grade sarcomas that commonly have infiltrated into the surrounding tissue or metastasised by the time of diagnosis.