Abstract
Purpose
Exercise training reduces systemic inflammation in weight-stable people, but concurrent diet-induced body weight loss is not well studied. We hypothesized that resistance training would decrease inflammatory monocyte percentage and improve biomarkers associated with disease risk, independent of weight loss.
Methods
Forty physically inactive (PI) subjects (58.0 ± 5.7 years; BMI 30.1 ± 4.3 kg m−2) completed baseline testing, and 26 of these subjects completed 12-week of resistance training exercises while consuming either their usual, weight-maintenance diet (RE, n = 14) or an energy-restricted diet (RE–ER, n = 12). Nine physically active (PA) subjects served as a comparison group (60.1 ± 6.1 years; BMI 25.8 ± 3.1 kg m−2).
Results
At baseline, circulating CD14+CD16+ monocyte percentage, C-reactive protein, and cholesterol were higher in PI vs. PA. Post-intervention, RE subjects had a ~35 % decrease in circulating CD14+CD16+, and a lower LPS-stimulated TNFα and IL-6 production, while RE–ER subjects had lower cholesterol than RE.
Conclusions
These findings indicate that resistance training is an effective means for older, overweight adults to reduce systemic inflammation. The unexpected lack of response with concurrent energy restriction underscores the need for further research on the use of resistance training and diet to reduce inflammation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CRP:
-
C-reactive protein
- RE:
-
Resistance exercise group
- RE–ER:
-
Resistance exercise and energy restriction group
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MFI:
-
Mean fluorescence intensity
- PA:
-
Physically active
- PI:
-
Physically inactive
- PMB:
-
Polymixin B
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
References
Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kroupis C, Georgiadis M, Karatzas D, Karavolias G, Koniavitou K, Coats AJ, Kremastinos DT (2001) Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 22(9):791–797
Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Karatzas D, Kroupis C, Georgiadis M, Karavolias G, Paraskevaidis J, Koniavitou K, Coats AJ, Kremastinos DT (2002) Physical training modulates proinflammatory cytokines and the soluble Fas/soluble Fas ligand system in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 39(4):653–663
Ahmed HM, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, Rivera JJ, Blumenthal RS (2012) Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 109(2):288–295. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.08.042
Balducci S, Zanuso S, Nicolucci A, Fernando F, Cavallo S, Cardelli P, Fallucca S, Alessi E, Letizia C, Jimenez A, Fallucca F, Pugliese G (2009) Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.015
Barzilay J, Freedland E (2003) Inflammation and its association with glucose disorders and cardiovascular disease. Treat Endocrinol 2(2):85–94
Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, Capeau J, Feve B (2006) Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 17(1):4–12
Belge KU, Dayyani F, Horelt A, Siedlar M, Frankenberger M, Frankenberger B, Espevik T, Ziegler-Heitbrock L (2002) The proinflammatory CD14+CD16+DR++ monocytes are a major source of TNF. J Immunol 168(7):3536–3542
Boule NG, Weisnagel SJ, Lakka TA, Tremblay A, Bergman RN, Rankinen T, Leon AS, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Rao DC, Bouchard C (2005) Effects of exercise training on glucose homeostasis: the HERITAGE family study. Diabetes Care 28(1):108–114 (pii:28/1/108)
Castaneda C, Gordon PL, Parker RC, Uhlin KL, Roubenoff R, Levey AS (2004) Resistance training to reduce the malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome of chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 43(4):607–616
Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL et al (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334(5):292–295
Cottam D, Schaefer P, Shaftan G, Velcu L, Angus L (2002) Effect of surgically-induced weight loss on leukocyte indicators of chronic inflammation in morbid obesity. Obes Surg 12(3):335–342
Ferrannini E, Natali A, Bell P, Cavallo-Perin P, Lalic N, Mingrone G (1997) Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity. European Group for the study of insulin resistance (EGIR). J Clin Invest 100(5):1166–1173. doi:10.1172/JCI119628
Flynn MG, McFarlin BK, Phillips MD, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL (2003) Toll-like receptor 4 and CD14 mRNA expression are lower in resistive exercise-trained elderly women. J Appl Physiol 95(5):1833–1842
Geffken DF, Cushman M, Burke GL, Polak JF, Sakkinen PA, Tracy RP (2001) Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 153(3):242–250
Greiwe JS, Cheng B, Rubin DC, Yarasheski KE, Semenkovich CF (2001) Resistance exercise decreases skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor alpha in frail elderly humans. FASEB J 15(2):475–482
Hambrecht R, Fiehn E, Weigl C, Gielen S, Hamann C, Kaiser R, Yu J, Adams V, Niebauer J, Schuler G (1998) Regular physical exercise corrects endothelial dysfunction and improves exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 98(24):2709–2715
Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, Watanabe F, Yamada M, Kikuyama M, Maruyama Y, Iwaoka Y, Hirayama K, Nagata S, Takai K (2008) Adsorptive depletion of elevated proinflammatory CD14+CD16+DR++ monocytes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 103(5):1210–1216. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01714.x
Harris JA, Benedict FG (1919) A biometric study of basal metabolism in man. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication no. 279. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington
Hu FB, Sigal RJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Manson JE (1999) Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA 282(15):1433–1439 (pii:joc90446)
Isasi CR, Deckelbaum RJ, Tracy RP, Starc TJ, Berglund L, Shea S (2003) Physical fitness and C-reactive protein level in children and young adults: the Columbia University BioMarkers study. Pediatrics 111(2):332–338
Janeway C (2005) Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease, 6th edn. Garland Science, New York
Katzel LI, Bleecker ER, Colman EG, Rogus EM, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP (1995) Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 274(24):1915–1921
Keylock K, Lowder T, Leifheit K, Cook M, Mariani R, Ross K, Kim K, Chapman-Novakofski K, McAuley E, Woods J (2007) Higher antibody, but not cell-mediated, responses to vaccination in high physically fit elderly. J Appl Physiol 102(3):1090–1098
Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE, Franke WD, Castillo MC, Reighard AE, Vanderah E (2006) Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 20(3):201–209. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.12.002
Marfella R, Esposito K, Siniscalchi M, Cacciapuoti F, Giugliano F, Labriola D, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Misso L, Giugliano D (2004) Effect of weight loss on cardiac synchronization and proinflammatory cytokines in premenopausal obese women. Diabetes Care 27(1):47–52
McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL (2004) TLR4 is lower in resistance-trained older women and related to inflammatory cytokines. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(11):1876–1883
McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL, Coen PM (2006) Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61(4):388–393
Newsom SA, Schenk S, Thomas KM, Harber MP, Knuth ND, Goldenberg N, Horowitz JF (2009) Energy deficit after exercise augments lipid mobilization but does not contribute to the exercise-induced increase in insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01106.2009
Pedersen BK, Fischer CP (2007a) Beneficial health effects of exercise–the role of IL-6 as a myokine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28(4):152–156. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.002
Pedersen BK, Fischer CP (2007b) Physiological roles of muscle-derived interleukin-6 in response to exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 10(3):265–271. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3280ebb5b3
Plomgaard P, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP, Mortensen OH, Broholm C, Penkowa M, Krogh-Madsen R, Erikstrup C, Lindegaard B, Petersen AM, Taudorf S, Pedersen BK (2007) Associations between insulin resistance and TNF-alpha in plasma, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in humans with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50(12):2562–2571. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0834-6
Roberts CK, Won D, Pruthi S, Lin SS, Barnard RJ (2006) Effect of a diet and exercise intervention on oxidative stress, inflammation and monocyte adhesion in diabetic men. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 73(3):249–259. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.02.013
Rogacev KS, Ulrich C, Blomer L, Hornof F, Oster K, Ziegelin M, Cremers B, Grenner Y, Geisel J, Schlitt A, Kohler H, Fliser D, Girndt M, Heine GH (2009) Monocyte heterogeneity in obesity and subclinical atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp308
Schlitt A, Heine GH, Blankenberg S, Espinola-Klein C, Dopheide JF, Bickel C, Lackner KJ, Iz M, Meyer J, Darius H, Rupprecht HJ (2004) CD14+CD16+ monocytes in coronary artery disease and their relationship to serum TNF-alpha levels. Thromb Haemost 92(2):419–424. doi:10.1267/THRO04080419
Siri WE (1956) The gross composition of the body. Adv Biol Med Phys 4:239–280
Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Moller K, Pedersen BK (2003) IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285(2):E433–E437
Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, Haskell WL, Gillis D, Ritter PL (2001) CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33(7):1126–1141
Stewart LK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, McFarlin BK, Timmerman KL, Coen PM, Felker J, Talbert E (2005) Influence of exercise training and age on CD14+ cell-surface expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4. Brain Behav Immun 19(5):389–397
Stewart LK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, Craig BA, Robinson JP, Timmerman KL, McFarlin BK, Coen PM, Talbert E (2007) The influence of exercise training on inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(10):1714–1719. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31811ece1c
Timmerman K, Flynn M, Coen P, Markofski M, Pence B (2008) Exercise training-induced lowering of inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes: a role in the anti-inflammatory influence of exercise? J Leukoc Biol 84(5):1271–1278
Ulrich C, Heine GH, Gerhart MK, Kohler H, Girndt M (2008) Proinflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in renal transplant patients. Am J Transplant 8(1):103–110. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02035.x
Acknowledgments
This research was conducted at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Support for this project was provided by the National Institutes of Health, Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana Clinical Research Center at Purdue University, UL RR025761; The Purdue University Ismail Center for Health, Exercise, and Nutrition; the Department of Health and Kinesiology at Purdue University; and a Bilsland Dissertation Fellowship (for MMM) from Purdue University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Fabio Fischetti.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Markofski, M.M., Flynn, M.G., Carrillo, A.E. et al. Resistance exercise training-induced decrease in circulating inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocyte percentage without weight loss in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 114, 1737–1748 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2902-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2902-1