Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Reliability of periocular anthropometry using three-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry

  • Oculoplastics and Orbit
  • Published:
Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry is becoming increasingly popular in many fields. However, few studies have focused on its periocular application. We aimed to provide evidence for the periocular application of a novel anthropometric procedure using 3D stereophotogrammetry by evaluating its reliability.

Methods

Fifty-one Caucasians were recruited (102 eyes; mean age, 31.9 ± 13.6 years). Two sets of 3D images were acquired for each subject, and two measurement sessions were performed on each image by two raters. Fifty-two periocular landmarks were identified, and then 49 corresponding linear, curvilinear, and angular measurements were evaluated for intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability.

Results

Our findings showed highly reliable results for mean absolute difference (0.59 and 0.68 unit), relative error measurement (2.66% and 3.08%), technical error of measurement (0.59 and 0.66 unit), relative technical error of measurement (2.71% and 2.96%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.98) for intrarater 1 and intrarater 2 reliability; respectively 0.94 unit, 4.06%, 0.89 unit, and 3.94%, as well as 0.97 for interrater reliability; and respectively 0.98 unit, 4.66%, 0.96 unit, and 4.64%, as well as 0.96 for intramethod reliability.

Conclusions

This imaging system and the landmark identification protocol are highly reliable. The collected measurements and their errors can be applied for the comparison of reliability among various 3D imaging systems and populations. It could be utilized for planning surgeries and evaluating treatment outcomes for physicians in ophthalmology, plastic and esthetic surgery, and in the maxillofacial field where periocular morphology alterations are made.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wesselius TS, Verhulst AC, Vreeken RD, Xi T, Maal TJJ, Ulrich DJO (2018) Accuracy of three software applications for breast volume calculations from three-dimensional surface images. Plast Reconstr Surg 142:858–865. https://doi.org/10.1097/prs.0000000000004728

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dindaroglu F, Kutlu P, Duran GS, Gorgulu S, Aslan E (2016) Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry. Angle Orthod 86:487–494. https://doi.org/10.2319/041415-244.1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Metzler P, Sun Y, Zemann W, Bartella A, Lehner M, Obwegeser JA, Kruse-Gujer AL, Lubbers HT (2014) Validity of the 3D VECTRA photogrammetric surface imaging system for cranio-maxillofacial anthropometric measurements. Oral Maxillofac Surg 18:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-013-0404-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Modabber A, Peters F, Kniha K, Goloborodko E, Ghassemi A, Lethaus B, Holzle F, Mohlhenrich SC (2016) Evaluation of the accuracy of a mobile and a stationary system for three-dimensional facial scanning. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 44:1719–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2016.08.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Verhulst A, Hol M, Vreeken R, Becking A, Ulrich D, Maal T (2018) Three-dimensional imaging of the face: a comparison between three different imaging modalities. Aesthet Surg J 38:579–585. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Guo Y, Schaub F, Mor JM, Jia R, Koch KR, Heindl LM (2019) A simple standardized three-dimensional anthropometry for the periocular region in a European population. Plast Reconstr Surg

  7. Heike CL, Cunningham ML, Hing AV, Stuhaug E, Starr JR (2009) Picture perfect? Reliability of craniofacial anthropometry using three-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:1261–1272. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b454bd

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ulijaszek SJ, Kerr DA (1999) Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. Br J Nutr 82:165–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Andrade LM, Rodrigues da Silva AMB, Magri LV, Rodrigues da Silva MAM (2017) Repeatability study of angular and linear measurements on facial morphology analysis by means of stereophotogrammetry. J Craniofac Surg 28:1107–1111. https://doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000003554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Camison L, Bykowski M, Lee WW, Carlson JC, Roosenboom J, Goldstein JA, Losee JE, Weinberg SM (2018) Validation of the Vectra H1 portable three-dimensional photogrammetry system for facial imaging. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2017.08.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Schaaf H, Pons-Kuehnemann J, Malik CY, Streckbein P, Preuss M, Howaldt HP, Wilbrand JF (2010) Accuracy of three-dimensional photogrammetric images in non-synostotic cranial deformities. Neuropediatrics 41:24–29. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1255060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lubbers HT, Medinger L, Kruse AL, Gratz KW, Obwegeser JA, Matthews F (2012) The influence of involuntary facial movements on craniofacial anthropometry: a survey using a three-dimensional photographic system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2010.12.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. de Menezes M, Rosati R, Ferrario VF, Sforza C (2010) Accuracy and reproducibility of a 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetric imaging system. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 68:2129–2135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Geeta A, Jamaiyah H, Safiza MN, Khor GL, Kee CC, Ahmad AZ, Suzana S, Rahmah R, Faudzi A (2009) Reliability, technical error of measurements and validity of instruments for nutritional status assessment of adults in Malaysia. Singap Med J 50:1013–1018

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gibelli D, Pucciarelli V, Poppa P, Cummaudo M, Dolci C, Cattaneo C, Sforza C (2018) Three-dimensional facial anatomy evaluation: reliability of laser scanner consecutive scans procedure in comparison with stereophotogrammetry. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2018.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Weinberg SM, Naidoo S, Govier DP, Martin RA, Kane AA, Marazita ML (2006) Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry. J Craniofac Surg 17:477–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Weinberg SM, Scott NM, Neiswanger K, Brandon CA, Marazita ML (2004) Digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: evaluation of anthropometric precision and accuracy using a Genex 3D camera system. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 41:507–518. https://doi.org/10.1597/03-066.1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Baik HS, Kim SY (2010) Facial soft-tissue changes in skeletal class III orthognathic surgery patients analyzed with 3-dimensional laser scanning. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 138:167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.02.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Plooij JM, Swennen GR, Rangel FA, Maal TJ, Schutyser FA, Bronkhorst EM, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Berge SJ (2009) Evaluation of reproducibility and reliability of 3D soft tissue analysis using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38:267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2008.12.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ozsoy U, Demirel BM, Yildirim FB, Tosun O, Sarikcioglu L (2009) Method selection in craniofacial measurements: advantages and disadvantages of 3D digitization method. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 37:285–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2008.12.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Aldridge K, Boyadjiev SA, Capone GT, DeLeon VB, Richtsmeier JT (2005) Precision and error of three-dimensional phenotypic measures acquired from 3dMD photogrammetric images. Am J Med Genet A 138A:247–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.30959

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Metzger TE, Kula KS, Eckert GJ, Ghoneima AA (2013) Orthodontic soft-tissue parameters: a comparison of cone-beam computed tomography and the 3dMD imaging system. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 144:672–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Khambay B, Nairn N, Bell A, Miller J, Bowman A, Ayoub AF (2008) Validation and reproducibility of a high-resolution three-dimensional facial imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Winder RJ, Darvann TA, McKnight W, Magee JD, Ramsay-Baggs P (2008) Technical validation of the Di3D stereophotogrammetry surface imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46:33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.09.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study receives a funding support by the Koeln Fortune Program/Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany (Nr. 2680148101) and State Scholarship Fund from China Scholarship Council (Nr. 201708080141).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany

    Yongwei Guo, Alexander C. Rokohl, Friederike Schaub, Xiaoyi Hou, Jinhua Liu, Yue Ruan, Konrad R. Koch & Ludwig M. Heindl

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Renbing Jia

  3. Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany

    Ludwig M. Heindl

Authors
  1. Yongwei Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alexander C. Rokohl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Friederike Schaub
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiaoyi Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jinhua Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yue Ruan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Renbing Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Konrad R. Koch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Ludwig M. Heindl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ludwig M. Heindl.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Online Resource 1

Intrarater, interrater and intramethod reliability estimates of MAD, TEM, REM, %TEM, total EM, and %total TEM across all measurement categories (XLSX 21 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Guo, Y., Rokohl, A.C., Schaub, F. et al. Reliability of periocular anthropometry using three-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 257, 2517–2531 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04428-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04428-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation