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Protocol Establishment and Reliability Verification of Three-Dimensional Digital Stereophotogrammetry in Lower Eyelid Anthropometry

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  • Oculoplastic
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Abstract

Background

Three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry has been widely used in anthropometry for both medical and esthetic purposes. However, no studies have assessed its reliability on measuring the lower eyelid by 3D imaging. This study aimed to establish a standardized 3D anthropometric protocol for lower eyelid region and validate its reliability.

Methods

Fifty-eight participants (116 eyes) were recruited with mean age of 39.14 ± 11.25 years. Two sets of VECTRA 3D images were taken for each subject, and each set of images was individually measured twice by two raters. Twenty-seven landmarks were identified in the lower eyelid region, and then 19 linear, 4 curvilinear, 7 angular and 2 areal metrics were assessed for intrarater, interrater and intramethod reliability.

Results

High reliability was found in this 3D imaging-based lower eyelid anthropometry. The mean absolute difference within 2 intrarater measurement were 0.22 and 0.08 units, the technical errors measurement were 0.31 and 0.15 units, the relative errors of measurement were 0.90% and 0.31%, the relative technical errors of measurement were 1.53% and 0.64%, and the intra-group correlation coefficient was 0.99 and 0.99. The results for interrater measurement were 0.53 units, 0.59 units, 2.94%, 3.41% and 0.96, and for intramethod measurement were 0.71 units, 0.77 units, 4.12%, 4.05% and 0.95 units, respectively.

Conclusion

3D stereophotogrammetry is reliable for lower eyelid anthropometry. The standardized protocol can be further applied for many purposes such as lower eyelid aging evaluation, surgical related assessment and periocular rejuvenation plan.

Level of Evidence IV

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Funding

The work was supported by National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding, Grant No. 2022-PUMCH-B-041, 2022-PUMCH-A-210 and 2022-PUMCH-C-025.

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Author notes

  1. Yarong Chi and Yuyan Yang have contributed equally to this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Yarong Chi

  2. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China

    Yuyan Yang, Lin Jin, Yuming Chong, Jiuzuo Huang, Nanze Yu & Xiao Long

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  1. Yarong Chi
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Correspondence to Jiuzuo Huang, Nanze Yu or Xiao Long.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Reference Number K2502) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Informed Consent

All patients provided written consent for the use of their 3D facial images.

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Supplementary Information

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266_2023_3671_MOESM1_ESM.jpg

Supplementary Figure 1 Intrarater, interrater and intramethod mean absolute difference (MAD) of all measurements. The acceptable error threshold is 1 unit for linear and curvature distances, 4 units for areas and 2 units for angles. (JPG 5504 KB)

266_2023_3671_MOESM2_ESM.jpg

Supplementary Fig. 2 Intrarater, interrater and intramethod technical error of measurement (TEM) of all measurements. The acceptable error threshold is 1 unit for linear and curvature distances, 4 units for areas and 2 units for angles. (JPG 5391 KB)

266_2023_3671_MOESM3_ESM.jpg

Supplementary Fig. 3 Intrarater, interrater and intramethod relative error measurement (REM) of all measurements. Five reliability categories are defined: < 1%, excellent; 1 to 3.9%, very good; 4 to 6.9%, good; 7 to 9.9%, moderate; and > 10%, poor. (JPG 5370 KB)

266_2023_3671_MOESM4_ESM.jpg

Supplementary Fig. 4 Intrarater, interrater and intramethod relative technical error of measurement (% TEM) of all measurements. Five reliability categories are defined: < 1%, excellent; 1 to 3.9%, very good; 4 to 6.9%, good; 7 to 9.9%, moderate; and > 10%, poor. (JPG 5483 KB)

266_2023_3671_MOESM5_ESM.jpg

Supplementary Fig. 5 Total technical error of measurement (total TEM) and relative total technical error of measurement (% total TEM) of all measurements. The acceptable error threshold for total TEM is 1 unit for linear and curvature distances, 4 units for areas and 2 units for angles. Five reliability categories of % total TEM are defined: < 1%, excellent; 1 to 3.9%, very good; 4 to 6.9%, good; 7 to 9.9%, moderate; and > 10%, poor. (JPG 3623 KB)

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Chi, Y., Yang, Y., Jin, L. et al. Protocol Establishment and Reliability Verification of Three-Dimensional Digital Stereophotogrammetry in Lower Eyelid Anthropometry. Aesth Plast Surg 48, 1276–1287 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03671-x

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