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Subduction relics in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle evidence from variation in the δ18O value of eclogite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton

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Abstract

Mantle eclogites are commonly accepted as evidence for ancient altered subducted oceanic crust preserved in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), yet the mechanism and extent of crustal recycling in the Archaean remains poorly constrained. In this study, we focus on the petrological and geochemical characteristics of 58 eclogite xenoliths from the Roberts Victor and Jagersfontein kimberlites, South Africa. Non-metasomatized samples preserved in the cratonic root have variable textures and comprise bimineralic (garnet (gt)–omphacite (cpx)), as well as kyanite (ky)- and corundum (cor)-bearing eclogites. The bimineralic samples were derived from a high-Mg variety, corresponding to depths of ~ 100–180 km, and a low-Mg variety corresponding to depths of ~ 180–250 km. The high-Al (ky-, cor-bearing) eclogites originated from the lowermost part of the cratonic root, and have the lowest REE abundances, and the most pronounced positive Eu and Sr anomalies. On the basis of the strong positive correlation between gt and cpx δ18O values (r2 = 0.98), we argue that δ18O values are unaffected by mantle processes or exhumation. The cpx and gt are in oxygen isotope equilibrium over a wide range in δ18O values (e.g., 1.1–7.6‰ in garnet) with a bi-modal distribution (peaks at ~ 3.6 and ~ 6.4‰) with respect to mantle garnet values (5.1 ± 0.3‰). Reconstructed whole-rock major and trace element compositions (e.g., MgO variation with respect to Mg#, Al2O3, LREE/HREE) of bimineralic eclogites are consistent with their protolith being oceanic crust that crystallized from a picritic liquid, marked by variable degrees of partial melt extraction. Kyanite and corundum-bearing eclogites, however, have compositions consistent with a gabbroic and pyroxene-dominated protolith, respectively. The wide range in reconstructed whole-rock δ18O values is consistent with a broadly picritic to pyroxene-rich cumulative sequence of depleted oceanic crust, which underwent hydrothermal alteration at variable temperatures. The range in δ18O values extends significantly lower than that of present day oceanic crust and Cretaceous ophiolites, and this might be due to a combination of lower δ18O values of seawater in the Archaean or a higher temperature of seawater–oceanic crust interaction.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to J.L. Devidal for his assistance with the electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS analyses and to Sherissa Roopnarain for the mass spectrometer analyses. D. Jacob, F. Viljoen and M. Grégoire are gratefully acknowledged for improving an earlier version of this manuscript as part of IBR’s PhD thesis. We are equally grateful for the opportunity to use the JXA8230 EPMA at Rhodes University. The financial support from Jean Monnet University of Saint Etienne, through doctoral scholarship and international travel grants and from the National Research Foundation (South Africa) are hereby acknowledged. This research has been equally made possible through the financial support from the French Government Laboratory of Excellence initiative n° ANR-10-LABX-0006, the Region Auvergne and the European Regional Development Fund. This is Laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc contribution number 334. We are thankful to Sonja Aulbach and Dorrit Jacob for their constructive comments that helped to considerably improve the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa

    Ioana-Bogdana Radu & Chris Harris

  2. UJM Saint-Etienne, UCA, CNRS, IRD, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, UMR 6524, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France

    Ioana-Bogdana Radu, Bertrand N. Moine & Jean-Yves Cottin

  3. Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA

    Gelu Costin

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Radu, IB., Harris, C., Moine, B.N. et al. Subduction relics in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle evidence from variation in the δ18O value of eclogite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton. Contrib Mineral Petrol 174, 19 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-019-1552-z

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