Abstract
Migrainous vertigo is a common cause of dizziness presenting to an otorhinolaryngology/otoneurology clinic. Although it causes a substantial burden to the individual and society there are no randomized controlled trails on prophylactic medication for this condition. Flunarizine, a calcium channel blocker has been used effectively in both migraine and vestibular conditions. This randomized control trial was undertaken in a tertiary academic referral center to evaluate the efficacy of flunarizine in patients with migrainous vertigo when compared to non-specific vestibular treatment of betahistine and vestibular exercises. The effect of flunarizine on two particularly disabling symptoms of vertigo and headache was studied. A total of 48 patients who were diagnosed with definitive migrainous vertigo completed the study of 12 weeks duration. Patients in arm A received 10-mg flunarizine daily along with betahistine 16 mg and paracetamol 1 gm during episodes, and arm B received only betahistine and paracetamol during episodes. Symptom scores were noted at the start of the study and at the end of 12 weeks. Analysis of the frequency of vertiginous episodes showed a significant difference between arm A and arm B (p = 0.010) and improvement in severity of vertigo between the two groups (p = 0.046). Headache frequency and severity did not improve to a significant degree in arm A as compared to arm B. The main side effects were weight gain and somnolence and this was not significantly different between the two groups. Flunarizine (10 mg) is effective in patients with migrainous vertigo who suffer from considerable vestibular symptoms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Neuhauser H, Leopold M, von Brevern M et al (2001) The interrelations of migraine, vertigo, and migrainous vertigo. Neurology 56:436–441
Dieterich M, Brandt T (1999) Episodic vertigo related to migraine (90 cases): vestibular migraine? J Neurol 246:883–892
Cutrer FM, Baloh RW (1992) Migraine-associated Dizziness. Headache J Head Face Pain 32:300–304. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3206300.x
Cass SP, Furman JM, Ankerstjerne JKP et al (1997) Migraine-related vestibulopathy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 106:182–189
Slater R (1979) Benign recurrent vertigo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 42:363–367
Oh AK, Lee H, Jen JC et al (2001) Familial benign recurrent vertigo. Am J Med Genet 100:287–291
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (2013) The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia 33:629–808. doi:10.1177/0333102413485658
Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J et al (2012) Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res 22:167–172. doi:10.3233/VES-2012-0453
Fotuhi M, Glaun B, Quan SY, Sofare T (2009) Vestibular migraine: a critical review of treatment trials. J Neurol 256:711–716. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5050-5
Neuhauser H, Radtke A, von Brevern M, Lempert T (2003) Zolmitriptan for treatment of migrainous vertigo: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 60:882–883
Schmidt R, Oestreich W (1991) Flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis: the clinical experience. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18(Suppl 8):S21–S26
Martínez-Lage JM (1988) Flunarizine (Sibelium) in the prophylaxis of migraine. An open, long-term, multicenter trial. Cephalalgia Int J Headache 8(Suppl 8):15–20
Kim H, Byun SH, Kim JS et al (2013) Comparison of flunarizine and topiramate for the prophylaxis of pediatric migraines. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17:45–49. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.10.001
Diener HC, Matias-Guiu J, Hartung E et al (2002) Efficacy and tolerability in migraine prophylaxis of flunarizine in reduced doses: a comparison with propranolol 160 mg daily. Cephalalgia Int J Headache 22:209–221
Gawel MJ, Kreeft J, Nelson RF et al (1992) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of flunarizine to propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine. Can J Neurol Sci 19:340–345
Simon KC, Gao X, Chen H et al (2010) Calcium channel blocker use and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 25:1818–1822. doi:10.1002/mds.23191
Ton TGN, Heckbert SR, Longstreth WT Jr et al (2007) Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers in relation to Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13:165–169. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.08.011
Lucetti C, Nuti A, Pavese N et al (1998) Flunarizine in migraine prophylaxis: predictive factors for a positive response. Cephalalgia Int J Headache 18:349–352
Neuhauser H, Lempert T (2009) Vestibular migraine. Neurol Clin 27:379–391. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.11.004
Johnson GD (1998) Medical management of migraine-related dizziness and vertigo. Laryngoscope 108:1–28
Kolev O (1990) How caloric vestibular irritation influences migraine attacks. Cephalalgia Int J Headache 10:167–169
Vitkovic J, Paine M, Rance G (2008) Neuro-otological findings in patients with migraine- and nonmigraine-related dizziness. Audiol Neurootol 13:113–122. doi:10.1159/000111783
The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition (2004) Cephalalgia Int J Headache 24(Suppl 1):9–160
Baloh RW, Foster CA, Yue Q, Nelson SF (1996) Familial migraine with vertigo and essential tremor. Neurology 46:458–460
Magis D, Boon E, Coppola G et al (2012) A novel CACNA1A mutation results in episodic ataxia with migrainous features without headache. Cephalalgia Int J Headache 32:1147–1149. doi:10.1177/0333102412459572
Waterston J (2004) Chronic migrainous vertigo. J Clin Neurosci 11:384–388. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2003.08.008
Reploeg MD, Goebel JA (2002) Migraine-associated dizziness: patient characteristics and management options. Otol Neurotol 23:364–371
Maione A (2006) Migraine-related vertigo: diagnostic criteria and prophylactic treatment. Laryngoscope 116:1782–1786. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000231302.77922.c5
Celiker A, Bir LS, Ardiç N (2007) Effects of valproate on vestibular symptoms and electronystagmographic findings in migraine patients. Clin Neuropharmacol 30:213–217. doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e31803bb3ee
Bisdorff AR (2011) Management of vestibular migraine. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 4:183–191. doi:10.1177/1756285611401647
Della Pepa C, Guidetti G, Eandi M (2006) Betahistine in the treatment of vertiginous syndromes: a meta-analysis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 26:208–215
Gottshall KR, Moore RJ, Hoffer ME (2005) Vestibular rehabilitation for migraine-associated dizziness. Int Tinnitus J 11:81–84
Olesen J (1990) Calcium antagonists in migraine and vertigo. Possible mechanisms of action and review of clinical trials. Eur Neurol 30(Suppl 2):31–34 discussion 39–41
Schmidt R, Oestreich W (1991) Flunarizine in the treatment of vestibular vertigo: experimental and clinical data. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18(Suppl 8):S27–S30
Corvera J, Corvera-Behar G, Lapilover V, Ysunza A (2002) Objective evaluation of the effect of flunarizine on vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol 23:933–937
Toldo I, De Carlo D, Bolzonella B et al (2012) The pharmacological treatment of migraine in children and adolescents: an overview. Expert Rev Neurother 12:1133–1142. doi:10.1586/ern.12.104
Schürks M, Diener H-C, Goadsby P (2008) Update on the prophylaxis of migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol 10:20–29
Peer Mohamed B, Goadsby PJ, Prabhakar P (2012) Safety and efficacy of flunarizine in childhood migraine: 11 years’ experience, with emphasis on its effect in hemiplegic migraine. Dev Med Child Neurol 54:274–277. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04154.x
Evers S (2008) Treatment of migraine with prophylactic drugs. Expert Opin Pharmacother 9:2565–2573. doi:10.1517/14656566.9.15.2565
Ye Q, Yan L-Y, Xue L-J et al (2011) Flunarizine blocks voltage-gated Na(+) and Ca(2+) currents in cultured rat cortical neurons: a possible locus of action in the prevention of migraine. Neurosci Lett 487:394–399. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.064
Li F, Qiu E, Dong Z et al (2011) Protection of flunarizine on cerebral mitochondria injury induced by cortical spreading depression under hypoxic conditions. J Headache Pain 12:47–53. doi:10.1007/s10194-011-0300-1
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Professor Vinohar Balraj and Ms. Visali in the statistical analysis of this article. This study was supported by funding from the Fluid Research Grants, CMC Research, Vellore.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
This questionnaire was based on a similar one used for a previous study of vestibular deficits among clinically defined subgroups of patients with both migraine and vertigo attending tertiary referral neuro-otology clinics. (By AB under the guidance of Dr Ros Davis and Prof Goadsby in National hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queens Square, London, submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for MSc. in Audiological Medicine, University College London.)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lepcha, A., Amalanathan, S., Augustine, A.M. et al. Flunarizine in the prophylaxis of migrainous vertigo: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 271, 2931–2936 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-013-2786-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-013-2786-4