Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Screening for postpartum depression using Kurdish version of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale

  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Published:
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

One of the important public health problems affecting maternal and child health is postpartum depression (PPD). It generally occurs within 6–8 weeks after childbirth.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) using a Kurdish version of Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS) and to analyze the risk factors for postpartum depression in a population of puerperal Kurdish women in Erbil city.

Patients and methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted between 20th of June and 30th of November 2010, in 14 antenatal care units of primary health centers, in Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The sample of the study included 1,000 puerperal women (6–8 weeks postpartum), ranging in age from 14 to 48 years. Data were collected after interviewing the women using a questionnaire designed by the researchers, and the Kurdish version of the EPDS. Chi square test of association and the logistic regression tests were used in the analysis.

Results

The prevalence of postpartum depression was 28.4%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors found to be associated with PPD were: physical or sexual abuse, delivery by cesarean section, history of past psychiatric illness, and family history of past psychiatric illness; while marriage with no previous agreement, and high socio-economic level were associated with lower levels of PPD.

Conclusion

The Kurdish version of the EPDS can be successfully used to screen depression in a Kurdish population of puerperal women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  2. Evins GG, Theofrastous JP, Galvine SL (2000) Postpartum depression: a comparison of screening and routine clinical evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:1080–1082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Beck C (1993) Teetering on the edge: a substantive theory of postpartum depression. Nurs Res 42(1):42–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Leahy-Warren P, McCarthy G (2007) Postnatal Depression: prevalence, mother’s perspective, and treatments. Arch Psychiatry Nurs 21(2):91–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Inwood DG (1994) Postpartum psychotic disorders. In: Sodock K (ed) Synopsis of psychiatry; behavioral science, clinical psychiatry, 7th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 852–858

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tannous L, Gigante L, Fuchs S, Busnello E (2008) Postnatal depression in southern Brazil: prevalence and its demographic and socioeconomic determinants. BMC psychiatry. Biomed Central Ltd

  7. Lee D, Yip A, Chiu H (2000) Screening for postnatal depression using the double-test strategy. Psychosom Med 62:258–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Thangappah R, Akosan TV, Rajeswari A (2005) Postpartum psychiatric illness. J Obstet Gynecol India 55(4):329–332

    Google Scholar 

  9. Beck CT (1995) Screening methods for postpartum depression. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 24:308–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. O’Hara MW, Swain AM (1996) Rates and risk of postpartum depression-a meta analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 8:37–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cohen A (2000) Excess female mortality in India: the case of Himachal Pradesh. Am J Public Health 90:1369–1371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dominic TS, Alexander SK, Sandra SM, Michelle HY, Tsui WS, Tony KH (2003) Post delivery screening for postpartum depression. Psychosom Med 65:357–3612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Schaper AM, Rooney BL, Kay NR, Silva PD (1994) Use of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale to identify postpartum depression in a clinical setting. J Reprod Med 39:620–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cox JL, Holden JM (1994) Perinatal psychiatry: use and misuse of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Gasku, London

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R (1998) Detection of postnatal depression: development of the ten item Edinburgh postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 172:433–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Adouard F, Glangeaud-Freudenthal NM, Golse B (2005) Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in a sample of women with high-risk pregnancies in France. Arch Women Ment Health 8:89–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Statistical Department/Directorate of Health/Erbil Governorate/Kurdistan Region/Iraq, 2009

  18. Ghubash R, Abou-Saleh MT (1997) Postpartum psychiatric illness in Arab culture: prevalence and psychosocial correlates. Br J Psychiatry 171:65–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chaaya M, Campbell OM, El Kak F, Shaar D, Harb H, Kaddour A (2002) Postpartum depression: prevalence and determinants in Lebanon. Arch Women Ment Health 5:65–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kirpinar I, Gozum S, Pasinlioglu T (2010) Prospective study of postpartum depression in eastern Turkey prevalence, socio-demographic and obstetric correlates, prenatal anxiety and early awareness. J Clin Nurs Feb 19(3–4):422–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Mohr WK; American Psychiatric Association (2003) Johndon’s psychiatric-mental health nursing. 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

  22. Department of Non-communicable Disease Surveillance World Health Organization 1999, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/philip.home/who_dmc.htm

  23. Anon (2011) Definition of hypertension. MedicineNet. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3846

  24. Cunningham FC, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC Wenstrom KD (2005) Williams obstetrics. 22nd edn. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York

  25. Mohr WK (2003) Johndon’s psychiatric-mental health nursing. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

  26. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R (1987) Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 150:782–786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Schoeman JH, Westaway MS, Neethling A (1991) The relationship between socioeconomic factors and pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Epidemiol 20:435–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Esquivel C, Alvarez A, Martinez C, Garcia S (2006) Validation of the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale in a population of puerperal women in Mexico. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment health 2:33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Inandia T, Cinar T, Ozturkd A, Egrie M, Polatf A, Sahing T et al (2002) Risk factors for depression in postnatal first year, in eastern Turkey. Int J Epidemiol 31(6):1201–1207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Stern G, Kruckman L (1983) Multi-disciplinary perspectives on postpartum depression: An anthropological critique. Soc Sci Med 17:1027-1041. Cross Ref Medline Web of Science

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cox JL (1988) Childbirth as a life events: Socio-cultural aspects of postnatal depression. Acta Psychiatry Scand 344:75–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kumar R (1994) Postnatal mental illness: a trans-cultural perspective. Soc Psychiatry Epidemiol 29:250–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Webster J (2001) Postnatal depression and health care use. Aust Fam Physician 30(11):1024

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Patel V, Rodrigues M, DeSouza N (2002) Gender, Poverty and postnatal depression: a study of mothers in Goa, India. Am J Psychiatry 159:43–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Prabhu TR, Asokan TV, Rajeswari A (2005) Postpartum psychiatric illness. J Obstet Gynecol India 55(4):329–332

    Google Scholar 

  36. Carter F, Farmpton C, Mulder R (2006) Cesarean section & postpartum depression: a review of the evidence examining the link. Psychosm Med 68:321–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Fisher J, Astbury J, Smith A (1997) Adverse psychological impact of operative obstetric interventions: a prospective longitudinal study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 31:728–738

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Green J, Coupland V, Kitzinger J (1990) Expectations, experiences, and psychological outcomes of childbirth: a prospective study of 825 women. Birth 17:15–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Seritan A (2006) Postpartum depression or medical problem? Watch for fatigue, weight change, other physical signs. Curr Psychiatry 5(9):62–75

    Google Scholar 

  40. Boyles S (2009) Diabetes in pregnancy tied to depression. WebMD Health News. http://www.webmd.com/depression/postpartum-depression/news/20090224/diabetes-in-pregnancy-tied-to-depression. Accessed 27 Feb 2011

Download references

Conflict of interest

We declare that we have no conflict of interest in the current study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Maternity Nursing Unit, Hawler Medical University, College of Nursing, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq

    Hamdia Mirkhan Ahmed

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hawler Medical University, College of Medicine, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq

    Shahla Kareem Alalaf

  3. Department of Community Medicine, Hawler Medical University, College of Medicine, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq

    Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil

Authors
  1. Hamdia Mirkhan Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shahla Kareem Alalaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Namir Ghanim Al-Tawil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamdia Mirkhan Ahmed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ahmed, H.M., Alalaf, S.K. & Al-Tawil, N.G. Screening for postpartum depression using Kurdish version of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Arch Gynecol Obstet 285, 1249–1255 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-011-2165-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-011-2165-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation