Abstract
Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism are described to contribute to various neurological disorders. We here determined the expression of enzymes involved in the sphingomyelin cycle and their products in postmortem brain tissue of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In parallel, we investigated the effect of the sphingosine-1 receptor agonist Fingolimod (Gilenya®) on sphingomyelin metabolism in reactive astrocytes and determined its functional consequences for the process of neuro-inflammation. Our results demonstrate that in active MS lesions, marked by large number of infiltrated immune cells, an altered expression of enzymes involved in the sphingomyelin cycle favors enhanced ceramide production. We identified reactive astrocytes as the primary cellular source of enhanced ceramide production in MS brain samples. Astrocytes isolated from MS lesions expressed enhanced mRNA levels of the ceramide-producing enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) compared to astrocytes isolated from control white matter. In addition, TNF-α treatment induced ASM mRNA and ceramide levels in astrocytes isolated from control white matter. Incubation of astrocytes with Fingolimod prior to TNF-α treatment reduced ceramide production and mRNA expression of ASM to control levels in astrocytes. Importantly, supernatants derived from reactive astrocytes treated with Fingolimod significantly reduced transendothelial monocyte migration. Overall, the present study demonstrates that reactive astrocytes represent a possible additional cellular target for Fingolimod in MS by directly reducing the production of pro-inflammatory lipids and limiting subsequent transendothelial leukocyte migration.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the Dutch MS Research Foundation (AR and HEdeV, Grant 08-642, RvD Grant 05-388, PN 09-358), which had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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The Netherlands Brain Bank received permission to perform autopsies, for the use of tissue, and for access to medical records for research purposes from the Ethical Committee of the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All patients and controls, or their next of kin, had given informed consent for autopsy and the use of their brain tissue for research purposes.
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R. van Doorn and P.G. Nijland contributed equally.
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van Doorn, R., Nijland, P.G., Dekker, N. et al. Fingolimod attenuates ceramide-induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis by targeting reactive astrocytes. Acta Neuropathol 124, 397–410 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-012-1014-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-012-1014-4