References
Litvan I, Halliday G, Hallet M, Goetz CG, Rocca W, Duyckaerts Ch, Ben-Shlomo Y, Dickson DW, Lang AE, Chesselet M-F, Langston WJ, DiMonte DA, Gasser T, Hagg T, Hardy J, Jenner P, Melamed E, Myers RH, Parker D, Price DL (2007) The etiopathogenesis of Parkinson disease and suggestions for future research. Part I. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66:251–257
Jellinger K, Attems J (2008) Prevalence and impact of vascular and Alzheimer pathologies in Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0347-5
Lashley T, Holton JL, Gray E, Kirkham K, O’Sullivan SS, Hilbig A, Wood NW, Lees AJ, Revesz T (2008) Cortical α-synuclein load is associated with amyloid-βplaque burden in a subset of Parkinson’s disease patients. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0336-0
Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RAI, Jansen Steur ENH, Braak E (2003) Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 24:197–211
McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre E, O’Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, Aarsland D, Arai H, Ballard CG, Boeve B, Burn DJ, Costa D, Del Ser T, Dubois B, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Goetz CG, Gómez-Tortosa E, Halliday G, Hansen LA, Hardy J, Iwatsubo T, Kalaria RN, Kaufer D, Korczyn A, Kosaka K, Lee VM-Y, Lees A, Litvan I, Londos E, Lopez OL, Minoshima S, Mizuno Y, Molina JA, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Pasquier F, Perry RH, Schulz JB, Trojanowski JQ, Yamada M (2005) Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Third report of the DLB consortium. Neurology 65:1863–1872
Halliday G, Hely M, Reid W, Morris J (2008) The progression of pathology in longitudinally followed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0344-8
Mori F, Tanji K, Zhang H, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K (2008) α-Synuclein pathology in the neostriatum in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0316-4
Forno L (1969) Concentric hyalin intraneuronal inclusions of Lewy type in the brains of elderly persons (50 incidental cases): relationship to parkinsonism. J Am Geriatr Soc 17:557–575
Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Ohama E, Takeda S, Ikuta F (1991) Lewy bodies in the visceral autonomic nervous system in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 60:609–612
Bloch A, Probst A, Bissig H, Adams H, Tolnay M (2006) Synuclein pathology of the spinal and peripheral autonomic nervous system in neurologically unimpaired elderly subjects. Neuropathol Appl Neurol 12:284–295
Dickson DW, Fujishiro H, DelleDonne A, Menke J, Zeshan A, Klos KJ, Josephs KA, Frigerio R, Burnett M, Parisi JE, Ahlskog JE (2008) Evidence that incidental Lewy body disease is presymptomatic Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0345-7
Uchihara T, Paulus W (2008) Research into neurodegenerative disease: an entangled web of mice and men. Acta Neuropathol 115:1–4
Beach TG, Adler CH, Sue LI, Peirce JB, Bachalakuri J, Dalsing-Hernandez JE, Lue LF, Caviness JN, Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN, Walker DG (2008) Reduced striatal tyrosine hydroxylase in incidental Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0313-7
Parkkinen L, Pirttilä T, Alafuzoff I (2008) Applicability of current staging systems of α-synuclein pathology and their clinical relevance. Acta Neuropathol (in press)
Halliday GM, McCann H (2008) Human-based studies on a-synuclein deposition and relationship to Parkinson’s disease symptoms. Exp Neurol 209:12–21
Braak H, Müller CM, Rüb U, Ackermann H, Bratzke H, de Vos RAI, Del Tredici K (2006) Pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson’s disease – where does it end? J Neural Trans Suppl 70:89–97
Duda JE, Noorigian JV, Petrovitch H, White LR, Ross GW (2007) Pattern of Lewy pathology progression suggested by Braak staging system is supported by analysis of a population-based cohort of patients. The Movement Disorders Society’s 11th international congress late breaking abstracts, A3
Pandey N, Strider J, Nolan WC, Yan SX, Galvin JE (2008) Curcumin inhibits aggregation of a-synuclein. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0332-4
Van Den Eeden SK, Tanner CM, Berstein AL, Fross RD, Leimpeter A, Bloch DA, Nelson LM (2003) Incidence of Parkinson’s disease: variation by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Am J Epidemiol 157:1015–1022
Minguez-Castellanos A, Chamorro CE, Escamilla-Sevilla F, Ortega-Moreno A, Rebollo AC, Gomez-Rio M, Concha A, Munoz DG (2007). Do α-synuclein aggregates in autonomic plexuses predate Lewy body disorders? A cohort study. Neurology 68:2012–2018
McNaught KS, Perl DP, Brownell AL, Olanow CW (2004) Systemic exposure to proteasome inhibitors causes a progressive model of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 56:149–162
Beal F, Lang A (2006). The proteasomal inhibition model of Parkinson’s disease: “boon or bust”? Ann Neurol 60:158–161
Tofaris GK, Reitböck PG, Humby T, Lambourne SL, O’Connell M, Ghetti B, Gossage H, Emson PC, Wilkinson LS, Goedert M, Spillantini MG (2006) Pathological changes in dopaminergic nerve cells of the substantia nigra and olfactory bulb in mice transgenic for truncated human α-synuclein (1–120): implications for Lewy body disorders. J Neurosci 26:3942–3950
Fleming SM, Fernagut P-O, Chesselet M-F (2005) Genetic mouse models of parkinsonism: strengths and limitations. NeuroRx 2:495–503
Ulusoy A, Bjorklund T, Hermening S, Kirik D (2008) In vivo gene delivery for development of mammalian models for Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol 209:89–100
Meredith G, Sonsalla P, Chesselet M-F (2008) Animal models of Parkinson’s disease progression. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0350-x
Phillips RJ, Powley TL (2007) Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract: patterns in aging. Auton Neurosci 136:1–19
Miwa H, Kubo T, Suzuki A, Kondo T (2006) Intragastric proteasome inhibition induces alpha-synuclein-immunopositive aggregations in neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in rats. Neurosci Lett 401:46–149
Phillips RJ, Powley T (2008) Alpha-synuclein-immunopositive myenteric neurons and vagal preganglionic terminals: Autonomic pathway implicated in Parkinson’s disease? Neuroscience (in press)
Moran LB, Hickey L, Michael GJ, Derkacs M, Christian LM, Kalaitzakis ME, Pearce RKB, Graeber M (2008) Neuronal pentraxin II is highly upregulated in Parkinson’s disease and a novel component of Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.2007/s00401-007-0309-3
Thannickal TC, Lai Y-Y, Siegel JM (2007) Hypocretin (orexin) cell loss in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 130:1586–1595
Wakabayashi K, Tanji K, Mori F, Takahashi H (2007) The Lewy body in Parkinson’s disease: molecules implicated in the formation and degradation of alpha-synuclein aggregates. Neuropathol 27:494–506
Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H, Obata K, Ikuta F (1992) Immunocytochemical localization of synaptic vesicle-specific protein in Lewy body-containing neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 138:237–240
Orimo S, Amino T, Itoh Y, Takahashi A, Kojo T, Uchihara T, Tsuchiya K, Mori F, Wakabayashi K, Takahashi H (2005) Cardiac sympathetic denervation precedes neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia in Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol 109:583–588
Braak H, Sandmann-Keil D, Gai W, Braak E (1999) Extensive axonal Lewy neurites in Parkinson’s disease: a novel pathological feature revealed by alpha-synuclein immunocytochemistry. Neurosci Lett 265:67–69
Duda JE, Giasson BI, Mahon ME, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (2002) Novel antibodies to synuclein show abundant striatal pathology in Lewy body diseases. Ann Neurol 52:205–210
Duda JE (2004) Pathology and neurostransmitter abnormalities of dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 17(Suppl 1):3–14
Saha AR, Hill J, Utton MA, Asuni AA, Ackerley S, Grierson AJ, Miller CC, Davies AL, Buchman VL, Anderton BH, Hanger DP (2003) Parkinson’s disease α-synuclein mutations exhibit defective axonal transport in cultured neurons. J Cell Sci 117:1017–1024
Braak H, Bohl JR, Müller CM, Rüb U, de Vos RAI, Del Tredici K (2006). Stanley Fahn Lecture 2005: the staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson’s disease reconsidered. Mov Disord 21: 2042–2051
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and Michael J. Fox Foundation for financial support. We also wish to thank Mr. Mohamed Bouzrou (immunohistochemistry) and Ms. Inge Szász-Jacobi (graphics) for their technical expertise.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Del Tredici, K., Braak, H. A not entirely benign procedure: progression of Parkinson’s disease . Acta Neuropathol 115, 379–384 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-008-0355-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-008-0355-5