Abstract
In dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the Lewy bodies (LBs) are an essential substrate. Although LB pathology has gained increasing attention as one of the major causes of dementia, little is known about the exact prevalence of LB pathology in the general population. In addition, the pathology of Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) is frequently associated with DLB. To investigate the prevalence of LB pathology in a community-based population and to evaluate the relationship between LB and ATD pathology, we performed an analysis of 102 consecutive autopsy cases. The survey extended over 2.5 years and autopsy rate was 70.5%. LB pathology was detected using α-synuclein immunohistochemistry and was assessed based on consensus guidelines for DLB. ATD pathology was evaluated by both CERAD and NIA-RI criteria. Twenty-nine subjects were clinically demented. LB pathology was present in 23 (22.5%) of 102 cases, and in 12 (41.4%) of the demented subjects. The LB score was not significantly different between DLB cases and non-demented subjects with LB pathology (nd-LB), while the Braak stages were significantly different between the two groups. Prevalence of LB pathology constantly increased with age. DLB cases accompanying severe ATD pathology showed more rapid increase of LB scores than did DLB cases without severe ATD pathology. Moreover, DLB cases with severe ATD pathology had poorer prognoses than those without severe ATD pathology. Our results suggested that aging and severe ATD pathology have a strong effect on the evolution of LB pathology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edn, revised. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
Anonymous (1997) Consensus recommendations for the postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The national institute on aging, and Reagan institute working group on diagnostic criteria for the neuropathological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 18: S1–S2
Arnold SE, Hyman BT, Flory J, Damasio AR, Van Hoesen GW (1991) The topographical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaque in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cereb Cortex 1:103–116
Baba H, Nakajo S, Tu PH, Tomita T, Nakaya K, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Iwatsubo T (1998) Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Pathol 152:879–884
Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82:239–259
Davis DG, Schmitt FA, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR (1999) Alzheimer neuropathologic alterations in aged cognitively normal subjects. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58:376–388
Del Tredici K, Rüb U, Vos RAI de, Bohl JRE, Braak H (2002) Where does Parkinson disease pathology begin in the brain? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:413–426
Gibb WR, Less AJ (1988) The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:745–752
Gomez-Tortosa E, Newell K, Irizarry MC, Albert M, Growdon JH, Hyman BT (1999) Clinical and quantitative pathological correlates of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 53:1284–1291
Hamilton RL (2000) Lewy bodies in Alzheimer's disease: a neuropathological review of 145 cases using α-synuclein immunohistochemistry. Brain Pathol 10:378–394
Hansen LA, Masliah E, Galasko D, Terry RD (1993) Plaque-only Alzheimer disease is usually the lewy body variant, and vice versa. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:648–654
Haroutunian V, Serby M, Purohit DP, Perl DP, Marin D, Lantz M, Mohs RC, Davis KL (2000) Contribution of Lewy body inclusions to dementia in patients with and without Alzheimer disease neuropathological conditions. Arch Neurol 57:1145–1150
Heyman A, Fillenbaum GG, Gearing M, Mirra SS, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Peterson B, Pieper C (1999) Comparison of Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease with pure Alzheimer' disease: Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease, Part XIX. Neurology 52:1839–1844
Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Blankson S, Lees AJ (1993) A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 50:140–148
Ince PG, McArthur FK, Bjertness E, Torvik A, Candy JM, Edwardson JA (1995) Neuropathological diagnosis in elderly patients in Oslo: Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, vascular lesions. Dementia 6:162–168
Ince PG, Perry EK, Morris CM (1998) Dementia with Lewy bodies. A distinct non-Alzheimer dementia syndrome? Brain Pathol 8:299–324
Iwatubo T, Yamaguchi H, Fujimuro M, Yokosawa H, Ihara Y, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY (1996) Purification and characterization of Lewy bodies from the brains of patients with diffuse Lewy body disease. Am J Pathol 148:1517–1529
Jellinger KA, Seppi K, Wenning GK, Poewe W (2002) Impact of coexistent Alzheimer pathology on the natural history of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 109:329–339
Katsuki S (1966) Epidemiological and clinicopathological study on cerebrovascular disease in Japan. Prog Brain Res 21B: 64–89
Kawashima M, Suzuki SO, Doh-ura K, Iwaki T (2000) α-Synuclein is expressed in a variety of brain tumors showing neuronal differentiation. Acta Neuropathol 99:154–160
Kiyohara Y, Yoshitake T, Kato I, Ohmura T, Kawano H, Ueda K, Fujishima M (1994) Changing patterns in the prevalence of dementia in a Japanese community: the Hisayama study. Gerontology 40 (Suppl 2): 29–35
Kosaka K, Iseki E (2000) Clinicopathological studies on diffuse Lewy body disease. Neuropathology 20:1–7
Lindboe CF, Hansen HB (1998) The frequency of Lewy bodies in a consecutive autopsy series. Clin Neuropathol 17:204–209
Lippa CF, Fujiwara H, Mann DM, Giasson B, Baba M, Schmidt ML, Nee LE, O'Connell B, Pollen DA, St. George-Hyslop P, Ghetti B, Nochlin D, Bird TD, Cairns NJ, Lee VM, Iwatsubo T, Trojanowski JQ (1998) Lewy bodies contain altered α-synuclein in brains of many familial Alzheimer's disease patients with mutations in presenilin and amyloid precursor protein genes. Am J Pathol 153:1365–1370
Lopez OL, Becker JT, Kaufer DI, Hamilton RL, Sweet RA, Klunk W, DeKosky ST (2002) Research evaluation and prospective diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Arch Neurol 59:43–46
McKeith IG, Galasko D, Kosaka K, Perry EK, Dickson DW, Hansen LA, Salmon DP, Lowe J, Mirra SS, Byrne EJ, Lennox G, Quinn NP, Edwardson JA, Ince PG, Bergeron C, Burns A, Miller BL, Lovestone S, Collerton D, Jansen EN, Ballard C, Vos RA de, Wilcock GK, Jellinger KA, Perry RH (1996) Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathological diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology 47:1113–1124
McKeith IG, Perry EK, Perry RH (1999) Report of the second dementia with Lewy body international workshop. Diagnosis and treatment. Neurology 53:902–905
McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 34:939–944
Mirra SS, Heyman A, Mckeel D, Sumi SM, Crain BJ, Brownlee LM, Vogel FS, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Berg L (1991) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD): Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41:479–486
Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) (2001) Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales. Lancet 357:169–175
Olichney JM, Galasko D, Salmon DP, Hofstetter CR, Hansen LA, Katzman R, Thal LJ (1998) Cognitive decline is faster in Lewy body variant than in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 51:351–357
Parkkinen L, Soininen H, Laakso M, Alafuzoff I (2001) α-Synuclein pathology is highly dependent on the case selection. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 27:314–325
Parkkinen L, Soininen H, Alafuzoff I (2003) Regional distribution of α-synuclein pathology in unimpaired aging and Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:363–367
Perry RH, Irving D, Tomlinson BE (1990) Lewy body prevalence in the aging brain: relationship to neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer-type pathology and catecholaminergic nuclei. J Neurol Sci 100:223–233
Rinne JO, Rummukainen J, Paljärvi L, Rinne UK (1989) Dementia in Parkinson's disease is related to neuronal loss in the medial substantia nigra. Ann Neurol 26:47–50
Román GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al (1993) Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research stusies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 43:250–260
Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M (1997) α-Synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature 388:839–840
Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Shinohara N, Arima H, Tanaka K, Ibayashi S, Fujishima M (2000) Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population. The Hisayama study. Stroke 31:2616–2622
Van Duinen SG, Lammers GJ, Maat-Schieman MLC, Ross RAC (1999) Numerous and widespread α-synuclein-negative Lewy bodies in an asymptomatic patient. Acta Neurol 97:533–539
Yamazaki M, Arai Y, Baba M, Iwatsubo T, Mori O, Katayama Y, Oyanagi K (2000) α-Synuclein inclusions in amygdala in the brains of patiens with the parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:585–3591
Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Ohmori S, Nomiyama K, Kawano H, Ueda K, Sueishi K, Tsuneyoshi M, Fujishima M (1995) Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Neurology 45:1161–1168
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory research, no. 14657047) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. We are grateful to Dr. Takeshi Iwatsubo (Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, University of Tokyo) for generously donating the α-synuclein antibody LB509. We are also grateful to Dr. Shibanosuke Katsuki and Dr. Masatoshi Fujishima, Emeritus Professors of Kyushu University, Dr. Teruo Omae, Emeritus President of the National Cardiovascular Disease Center of Japan, Dr. Yasuo Hirota, Dr. Moriyuki Takeshita, Dr. Kazuo Ueda, Dr. Yutaka Hasuo for their devotion to the Hisayama study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wakisaka, Y., Furuta, A., Tanizaki, Y. et al. Age-associated prevalence and risk factors of Lewy body pathology in a general population: the Hisayama study. Acta Neuropathol 106, 374–382 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-003-0750-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-003-0750-x