Abstract
Bitumen modification with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), in a wide range temperatures (between − 30 and 100 °C), has been studied as a function of polymer concentration and EVA characteristics (vinyl acetate (VA) content and melt flow index (MFI)). Viscous flow, dynamic shear (DSR) temperature sweep, and technological tests were conducted to assess binder performance at medium-to-high in-service temperatures. Evaluation of binder low-temperature viscoelastic behavior has been performed using a solid rectangular fixture (SRF) in torsional mode, either in the linear viscoelastic region or under non-linear conditions (by strain breakage tests between − 30 and 0 °C). Further microstructural analysis based on modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and optical microscopy was conducted to support rheological and technological results. Hence, total crystalline fraction (related to the VA content and polymer concentration) turned out to be a key parameter to achieve a suitable binder modification at medium-high temperatures. In addition, MFI appears to be an important EVA parameter at low temperatures, as it was found that lower MFI values enhanced resistance to low-temperature cracking.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Airey GD (2002a) Rheological evaluation of ethylene vinyl acetate polymer modified bitumens. Constr Build Mater 16(8):473–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00103-4
Airey GD (2002b) Use of black diagrams to identify inconsistencies in rheological data. Road Mater Pavement Des 3(4):403–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2002.9689933
Airey GD, Rahimzadeh B (2004) Combined bituminous binder and mixture linear rheological properties. Constr Build Mater 18(7):535–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.008
Airey GD, Grenfell JRA, Apeagyei A, Subhy A, Lo Presti D (2016) Time dependent viscoelastic rheological response of pure, modified and synthetic bituminous binders. Mech Time-Dependent Mater 20(3):455–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-016-9295-y
Carrera V, Garcia-Morales M, Partal P, Gallegos C (2010) Novel bitumen/isocyanate-based reactive polymer formulations for the paving industry. Rheol Acta 49(6):563–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-009-0399-z
Christensen DW, Anderson DA (1992) Interpretation of dynamic mechanical test data for paving grade asphalt cements. J Assoc Asph paving Technol 61:67–116
Cuadri AA, García-Morales M, Navarro FJ, Airey GD, Partal P (2013) End-performance evaluation of thiourea-modified bituminous binders through viscous flow and linear viscoelasticy testing. Rheol Acta 52(2):145–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-012-0671-5
Cuadri AA, Carrera V, Izquierdo MA, García-Morales M, Navarro FJ (2014) Bitumen modifiers for reduced temperature asphalts : a comparative analysis between three polymeric and non-polymeric additives. Constr Build Mater 51:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.009
Dekhli S, Mokhtar KA, Hammoumm F, Bachir DS (2015) Rheological behaviour of ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA) modified road bitumen. J Appl Sci 15(3):444–455. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2015.444.455
Dessi C, Tsibidis GD, Vlassopoulos D, De Corato M, Trofa M, D'Avino G, Maffettone PL, Coppola S (2016) Analysis of dynamic mechanical response in torsion. J Rheol 60(2):275–287. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.4941603
Fang C, Qiao X, Yu R, Yu X, Liu J, Yu J, Xia R (2016) Influence of modification process parameters on the properties of crumb rubber/EVA modified asphalt. J Appl Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43598
Fawcett AH, McNally T (2000) Blends of bitumen with various polyolefins. Polymer (Guildf) 41(14):5315–5326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00733-8
Ferry JD (1980) Viscoelastic properties of polymers, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Fuentes-Audén C, Sandoval JA, Jerez A, Navarro FJ, Martínez-Boza FJ, Partal P, Gallegos C (2008) Evaluation of thermal and mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene modified bitumen. Polym Test 27(8):1005–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.09.006
Garcia-Morales M, Partal P, Navarro FJ et al (2004) The rheology of recycled EVA/LDPE modified bitumen. Rheol Acta 43(5):482–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-004-0385-4
Garcı́a-Morales M, Partal P, Navarro FJ, Martı́nez-Boza F, Gallegos C, González N, González O, Muñoz ME (2004) Viscous properties and microstructure of recycled EVA modified bitumen. Fuel 83(1):31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00217-5
González O, Muñoz ME, Santamarı́a a et al (2004) Rheology and stability of bitumen/EVA blends. Eur Polym J 40(10):2365–2372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.06.001
Liang M, Liang P, Fan W, Qian C, Xin X, Shi J, Nan G (2015) Thermo-rheological behavior and compatibility of modified asphalt with various styrene–butadiene structures in SBS copolymers. Mater Des 88:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.002
Lu X, Isacsson U (2000) Modification of road bitumens with thermoplastic polymers. Polym Test 20(1):77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00004-0
Lu X, Isacsson U, Ekblad J (1999) Rheological properties of SEBS, EVA and EBA polymer modified bitumens. Mater Struct 32(2):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479440
Lu X, Uhlback P, Soenen H (2016) Rheological testing of bitumen at low temperatures with 4-mm DSR. In: 8th RILEM International Symposium on Testing and Characterization of Sustainable and Innovative Bituminous Materials. pp 643–653, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7342-3_52
Masson J-F, Polomark GM, Collins P (2002) Time-dependent microstructure of bitumen and its calorimetry. Energy Fuel 16(2):470–476. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef010233r
Meisenheimer H, Zens A (2008) Ethylene vinyl acetate elastomers (EVM). In: Klingender RC (ed) Handbook of specialty elastomers. CRC Press, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420017670.ch10,
Munera JC, Ossa EA (2014) Polymer modified bitumen: optimization and selection. Mater Des 62:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.009
Navarro FJ, Partal P, Martínez-Boza FJ, Gallegos C (2010) Novel recycled polyethylene/ground tire rubber/bitumen blends for use in roofing applications: thermo-mechanical properties. Polym Test 29(5):588–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2010.03.010
Partal P, Martínez-Boza FJ (2011) Modification of bitumen using polyurethanes. In: Polymer modified bitumen. pp 43–71. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093721.1.43
Partal P, Martınez Bosa F, Conde B, Gallegos C (1999) Rheological characterisation of synthetic binders and unmodified bitumens. Fuel 78(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00121-5
Polacco G, Filippi S, Merusi F, Stastna G (2015) A review of the fundamentals of polymer-modified asphalts: asphalt/polymer interactions and principles of compatibility. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 224:72–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.010
Roman C, Cuadri AA, Liashenko L, García-Morales M, Partal P (2016) Linear and non-linear viscoelastic behavior of SBS and LDPE modified bituminous mastics. Constr Build Mater 123:464–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.027
Saboo N (2015) Optimum blending requirements for EVA modified binder. Int J Pavement Res Technol 8:172–178. https://doi.org/10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2015.8(3).172
Sengoz B, Topal A, Isikyakar G (2009) Morphology and image analysis of polymer modified bitumens. Constr Build Mater 23(5):1986–1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.020
Sybilski D, Vanelstraete A, Partl MN (2004) Recommendation of RILEM TC 182-PEB on bending beam and rheometer measurements of bituminous binders. Mater Struct 37(272):539–546. https://doi.org/10.1617/14205
Yuliestyan A, Cuadri AA, García-Morales M, Partal P (2016) Influence of polymer melting point and Melt Flow Index on the performance of ethylene-vinyl-acetate modified bitumen for reduced-temperature application. Mater Des 96:180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.02.003
Zhu J, Birgisson B, Kringos N (2014) Polymer modification of bitumen: advances and challenges. Eur Polym J 54:18–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.02.005
Acknowledgements
This research is a part of the Marie Curie Initial Training Network (ITN) action, FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN.
Funding
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement number 607524.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yuliestyan, A., Cuadri, A.A., García-Morales, M. et al. Selection of ethylene-vinyl-acetate properties for modified bitumen with enhanced end-performance. Rheol Acta 57, 71–82 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-017-1057-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-017-1057-5