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Supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction alters the plasma levels of Apolipoprotein A-I precursor, Apolipoprotein E precursor, and C-reactive protein precursor from young and old individuals

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Abstract

Purpose

Tocotrienol possess beneficial effects not exhibited by tocopherol. In vitro studies using animal models have suggested that these effects are caused via modulation of gene and protein expression. However, human supplementation studies using tocotrienol-rich isomers are limited. This study aims to identify plasma proteins that changed in expression following tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation within two different age groups.

Methods

Subjects were divided into two age groups—32 ± 2 (young) and 52 ± 2 (old) years old. Four subjects from each group were assigned with TRF (78 % tocotrienol and 22 % tocopherol, 150 mg/day) or placebo capsules for 6 months. Fasting plasma were obtained at 0, 3, and 6 months. Plasma tocopherol and tocotrienol levels were determined. Plasma proteome was resolved by 2DE, and differentially expressed proteins identified by MS. The expressions of three proteins were validated by Western blotting.

Results

Six months of TRF supplementation significantly increased plasma levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Proteins identified as being differentially expressed were related to cholesterol homeostasis, acute-phase response, protease inhibitor, and immune response. The expressions of Apolipoprotein A-I precursor, Apolipoprotein E precursor, and C-reactive protein precursor were validated. The old groups showed more proteins changing in expression.

Conclusions

TRF appears to not only affect plasma levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols, but also the levels of plasma proteins. The identity of these proteins may provide insights into how TRF exerts its beneficial effects. They may also be potentially developed into biomarkers for the study of the effects and effectiveness of TRF supplementation.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the grant UKM-GUP-SK-07-199 under Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. This research has been facilitated by access to the Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya and University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya. TRF supplement provided by Sime Darby Bioganics.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur City Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Eng Chee Heng & Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah

  2. Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Saiful Anuar Karsani

  3. Department of Clinical Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Mariati Abdul Rahman

  4. Faculty of Medicine, Cyber Jaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Malaysia

    Noor Aini Abdul Hamid

  5. Sime Darby Bioganics, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia

    Zalina Hamid

  6. University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Saiful Anuar Karsani

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  1. Eng Chee Heng
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  2. Saiful Anuar Karsani
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  4. Noor Aini Abdul Hamid
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  6. Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
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Correspondence to Saiful Anuar Karsani or Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah.

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Heng, E.C., Karsani, S.A., Abdul Rahman, M. et al. Supplementation with tocotrienol-rich fraction alters the plasma levels of Apolipoprotein A-I precursor, Apolipoprotein E precursor, and C-reactive protein precursor from young and old individuals. Eur J Nutr 52, 1811–1820 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0485-3

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