Abstract
Summers have become hotter in recent decades, with earlier onsets in many regions. Here, we explore changes in the summer length under global warming based on the observations and CMIP6 models, identify the influences of external forcing and internal variability, and use CMIP6 models to project variations of the future summer length. Summer is defined as when the daily mean temperature is above the 1961–1990 75th percentile for 5 consecutive days. The summer length significantly increases, and the observed trends show marked regional differences. External forcing is the main contributor to the lengthening of summer, while internal variability may explain the regional differences. Our results reveal that a 1 ℃ global surface mean temperature increase is associated with 15 days of the summer length increase during 1961–2014 in the observations, while a 1 ℃ temperature increase corresponds to 10 days of the summer length increase in CMIP6 models. CMIP6 models are also used to project the change of the summer length in the future, and it is found that the summer length will continue to increase in the future. Summer will last 142 days (175 days) under SSP2-4.5 (SSP5-8.5) scenario of global warming by the end of the twenty-first century, equivalent to an approximate 1.2 (1.5)-fold increase relative to that of 2014.
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Acknowledgements
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41731173), the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0606701), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42000000 and XDA20060502), the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0306), the Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISEE2021ZD01), and the Leading Talents of Guangdong Province Program. The numerical computation is supported by the High Performance Computing Division in the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology. Data related to this paper can be downloaded from the following: BerkeleyEarth (http://berkeleyearth.org/data/); HadGHCND (https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadghcnd/); CPC (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cpc.globaltemp.html); NECP-NCAR Reanalysis1 (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.derived.html); ERA5 (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels-preliminary-back-extension?tab=overview; https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview); JRA55 (https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds628.0/#!access); Global Historical Climate Network Daily (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnd-data-access); NOAA ERSST V5 (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html); PDO (http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/PDO.latest); AMO (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/correlation/amon.us.data); CMIP6 (https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/); Global One-Eighth Degree Population Base Year and Projection Grids Based on the SSPs, v1.01 (2000 – 2100) (https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/popdynamics-1-8th-pop-base-year-projection-ssp-2000-2100-rev01).
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Lin, W., Wang, C. Longer summers in the Northern Hemisphere under global warming. Clim Dyn 58, 2293–2307 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06009-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-06009-y