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Climate Change and Drought: a Precipitation and Evaporation Perspective

  • Climate Change and Drought (Q Fu, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Many studies have shown that greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced global warming may lead to increased surface aridity and more droughts in the twenty-first century due to decreased precipitation in the subtropics and increased evaporative demand associated with higher vapor pressure deficit under warmer temperatures. Some recent studies argue that increased water use efficiency by plants under elevated CO2 may reduce the evaporative demand and therefore mitigate the drying. Here we first discuss the model-projected changes in precipitation amount and frequency that affect the surface water balance and aridity and then the changes in actual and potential evapotranspiration under GHG-induced warming. The effects of the GHG-induced warming and changes in plants’ physiology under elevated CO2 on precipitation, soil moisture, and runoff are quantified and compared by analyzing different model experiments with and without the physiologic response. The surface drying effect of GHG-induced warming is found to dominate over the wetting effect of plants’ physiology in response to increasing CO2, leading to similar surface drying patterns in climate model simulations with or without the physiologic response in the twenty-first century. Part of the drying comes from increased dry spells (i.e., more dry days) and a flattening of the histograms of drought indices as GHGs increase, with the latter leading to widespread increases in hydrological drought even over areas with increasing mean runoff. Because of this, the change pattern of the mean cannot be used to represent drought changes. Consistent with the projected drying in the twenty-first century, recent analyses of model experiments suggest wetter land surfaces during the last glacial maximum, which implies that dusty air during cold glacial periods may have resulted from other factors, such as stronger winds and more dust sources, rather than drier land surfaces. Finally, the drying in the subtropics does not appear to be just a transient response to increased GHGs, as the warming and precipitation change patterns do not vary significantly over time in 500-year simulations with increased CO2 contents by a fully coupled climate model.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the CMIP5 modeling groups and NCAR CESM project, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, and the WCRP’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling for their roles in making available the WCRP CMIP multi-model datasets. We thank Dr. Abby Swann of the University of Washington for sharing some of her downloaded CMIP5 model data that were used in Fig. 4.

Funding

A. Dai acknowledges the funding support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant #AGS-1353740 and #OISE-1743738), the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science (Award No. DE-SC0012602), and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Award No. NA15OAR4310086).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, 12222, USA

    Aiguo Dai & Jiao Chen

  2. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA

    Aiguo Dai

  3. Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China

    Tianbao Zhao

  4. School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Jiao Chen

Authors
  1. Aiguo Dai
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  2. Tianbao Zhao
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  3. Jiao Chen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aiguo Dai.

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This study does not involve human and animal rights in any way.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Climate Change and Drought

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Dai, A., Zhao, T. & Chen, J. Climate Change and Drought: a Precipitation and Evaporation Perspective. Curr Clim Change Rep 4, 301–312 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0101-6

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