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Extreme small-scale wind episodes over the Barents Sea: When, where and why?

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Abstract

The Barents Sea is mostly ice-free during winter and therefore prone to severe weather associated with marine cold air outbreaks, such as polar lows. With the increasing marine activity in the region, it is important to study the climatology and variability of episodes with strong winds, as well as to understand their causes. Explosive marine cyclogenesis is usually caused by a combination of several mechanisms: upper-level forcing, stratospheric dry intrusions, latent heat release, surface energy fluxes, low-level baroclinicity. An additional factor that has been linked to extremely strong surface winds, is low static stability in the lower atmosphere, which allows for downward transfer of high-momentum air. Here the most extreme small-scale wind episodes in a high-resolution (5 km) 35-year hindcast were analyzed, and it was found that they were associated with unusually strong low-level baroclinicity and surface heat fluxes. And crucially, the 12 most severe episodes had stronger cold-air advection than 12 slightly less severe cases, suggesting that marine cold air outbreaks are the most important mechanism for extreme winds on small spatial scales over the Barents Sea. Because weather models are often unable to explicitly forecast small-scale developments in data-sparse regions such as the Barents Sea, these results can be used by forecasters as supplements to forecast model data.

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Notes

  1. Schultz and Sienkiewicz (2013) also note that the sting jets tend to occur in regions with Petterssen (1935) frontolysis, which sets up an indirect thermal vertical circulation with downward advection of high-momentum air.

  2. It is possible that this is due to WRF resolving smaller-scale features than ERA-Interim, but that is not investigated here.

  3. It may seem strange that the overall ratio \(\widehat{\sigma }_{m}\) is higher than all the individual ones for the seasons, but this is due to differences in the annual cycles in WRF and the observations.

  4. As mentioned earlier, the effects of latent heat release and differential diabatic heating are complicated to assess and will not be considered here.

  5. Here, as in Bracegirdle and Gray (2008), the level at 700 hPa gave better results than the one at 500 hPa, probably because most of the systems are shallow.

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  1. Erik W. Kolstad

    Present address: Uni Research and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 70, 5007, Bergen, Norway

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  1. StormGeo, Bergen, Norway

    Erik W. Kolstad

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Kolstad, E.W. Extreme small-scale wind episodes over the Barents Sea: When, where and why?. Clim Dyn 45, 2137–2150 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2462-4

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