Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pre-operative evaluation in pediatric patients with cortical dysplasia

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Child's Nervous System Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is an important cause of refractory seizures and catastrophic epilepsy in infants and children who had epilepsy surgery.

Aims of the review

This manuscript will discuss age-related unique clinical characteristics in evaluation of infants and young children because the understanding of these age-related features is critical in selecting children who can benefit from epilepsy surgery. In addition, we will review the non-invasive tools available for the presurgical evaluation of children with FCD and their individual contribution to the formulation of the presurgical hypothesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Guidelines for neuroimaging evaluation of patients with uncontrolled epilepsy considered for surgery. Commission on Neuroimaging of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998; 39(12): 1375–1376

  2. Andrade CS, Leite CC, Otaduy MC, et al. (2014) Diffusion abnormalities of the corpus callosum in patients with malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 108(9):1533–1542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barkovich AJ, Chuang SH, Norman D (1988) MR of neuronal migration anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150(1):179–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO, Jackson DE, Jr., et al. Normal maturation of the neonatal and infant brain: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1988; 166(1 Pt 1): 173–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bast T, Oezkan O, Rona S, et al. (2004) EEG and MEG source analysis of single and averaged interictal spikes reveals intrinsic epileptogenicity in focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 45(6):621–631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. (2010) Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia 51(4):676–685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Berg AT, Mathern GW, Bronen RA, et al. (2009) Frequency, prognosis and surgical treatment of structural abnormalities seen with magnetic resonance imaging in childhood epilepsy. Brain 132(Pt 10):2785–2797

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Levy SR, et al. (2000) How well can epilepsy syndromes be identified at diagnosis? A reassessment 2 years after initial diagnosis. Epilepsia 41(10):1269–1275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Blenkmann A, Seifer G, Princich JP, et al. (2012) Association between equivalent current dipole source localization and focal cortical dysplasia in epilepsy patients. Epilepsy Res 98(2–3):223–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Campos BM, Coan AC, Beltramini GC, et al. (2015) White matter abnormalities associate with type and localization of focal epileptogenic lesions. Epilepsia 56(1):125–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chugani HT, Shields WD, Shewmon DA, et al. (1990) Infantile spasms: I. PET identifies focal cortical dysgenesis in cryptogenic cases for surgical treatment. Ann Neurol 27(4):406–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cross JH, Jayakar P, Nordli D, et al. (2006) Proposed criteria for referral and evaluation of children for epilepsy surgery: recommendations of the Subcommission for Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery. Epilepsia 47(6):952–959

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Diehl B, Tkach J, Piao Z, et al. (2010) Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with focal epilepsy due to cortical dysplasia in the temporo-occipital region: electro-clinico-pathological correlations. Epilepsy Res 90(3):178–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dijkstra KK, Ferrier CH (2013) Patterns and predictors of atypical language representation in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84(4):379–385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dunkley C, Kung J, Scott RC, et al. (2011) Epilepsy surgery in children under 3 years. Epilepsy Res 93(2–3):96–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fogarasi A, Boesebeck F, Tuxhorn I (2003) A detailed analysis of symptomatic posterior cortex seizure semiology in children younger than seven years. Epilepsia 44(1):89–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fogarasi A, Hegyi M, Tegzes A (2003) The predictive value of the type of seizure onset in infants with epileptic spasms and partial seizures within a single ictal event. Epilepsia 44(12):1605–1606

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Fonseca VC, Yasuda CL, Tedeschi GG, et al. (2012) White matter abnormalities in patients with focal cortical dysplasia revealed by diffusion tensor imaging analysis in a voxelwise approach. Front Neurol 3:121

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH, et al. (2009) Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia 50(9):2147–2153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gowda S, Salazar F, Bingaman WE, et al. (2010) Surgery for catastrophic epilepsy in infants 6 months of age and younger. J Neurosurg Pediatr 5(6):603–607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Guleria S, Kelly TG (2014) Myelin, myelination, and corresponding magnetic resonance imaging changes. Radiol Clin N Am 52(2):227–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gupta A, Chirla A, Wyllie E, et al. (2007) Pediatric epilepsy surgery in focal lesions and generalized electroencephalogram abnormalities. Pediatr Neurol 37(1):8–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gupta A, Raja S, Kotagal P, et al. (2004) Ictal SPECT in children with partial epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol 31(2):89–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hamberger MJ, Cole J (2011) Language organization and reorganization in epilepsy. Neuropsychol Rev 21(3):240–251

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hamer HM, Wyllie E, Luders HO, et al. (1999) Symptomatology of epileptic seizures in the first three years of life. Epilepsia 40(7):837–844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hamiwka L, Jones JE, Salpekar J, et al. (2011) Child psychiatry. Epilepsy Behav 22(1):38–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hauptman JS, Mathern GW (2012) Surgical treatment of epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia: 2012 update. Epilepsia 53(Suppl 4):98–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hirfanoglu T, Gupta A (2010) Tuberous sclerosis complex with a single brain lesion on MRI mimicking focal cortical dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol 42(5):343–347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Iwasaki M, Pestana E, Burgess RC, et al. (2005) Detection of epileptiform activity by human interpreters: blinded comparison between electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. Epilepsia 46(1):59–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jayakar P, Gaillard WD, Tripathi M, et al. (2014) Diagnostic test utilization in evaluation for resective epilepsy surgery in children. Epilepsia 55(4):507–518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kallen K, Wyllie E, Luders HO, et al. Hypomotor seizures in infants and children. Epilepsia 2002; 43(8): 882–8

  32. Kanekar S, Gent M (2011) Malformations of cortical development. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 32(3):211–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kumar A, Chugani HT (2013) The role of radionuclide imaging in epilepsy, part 2: epilepsy syndromes. J Nucl Med 54(11):1924–1930

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kumar A, Juhasz C, Asano E, et al. (2010) Objective detection of epileptic foci by 18F-FDG PET in children undergoing epilepsy surgery. J Nucl Med 51(12):1901–1907

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, et al. (2010) Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 51(6):1069–1077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Loddenkemper T, Alexopoulos AV, Kotagal P, et al. (2008) Epilepsy surgery in epidermal nevus syndrome variant with hemimegalencephaly and intractable seizures. J Neurol 255(11):1829–1831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Moosa AN, Gupta A, Jehi L, et al. (2013) Longitudinal seizure outcome and prognostic predictors after hemispherectomy in 170 children. Neurology 80(3):253–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ochi A, Otsubo H, Iida K, et al. (2005) Identifying the primary epileptogenic hemisphere from electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic dipole lateralizations in children with intractable epilepsy. J Child Neurol 20(11):885–892

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Otsubo H, Iida K, Oishi M, et al. (2005) Neurophysiologic findings of neuronal migration disorders: intrinsic epileptogenicity of focal cortical dysplasia on electroencephalography, electrocorticography, and magnetoencephalography. J Child Neurol 20(4):357–363

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Palmini A, Paglioli E, Silva VD (2013) Developmental tumors and adjacent cortical dysplasia: single or dual pathology? Epilepsia 54(Suppl 9):18–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. RamachandranNair R, Otsubo H, Shroff MM, et al. (2007) MEG predicts outcome following surgery for intractable epilepsy in children with normal or nonfocal MRI findings. Epilepsia 48(1):149–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rosenow F, Luders H (2001) Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 124(Pt 9):1683–1700

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Rowland NC, Englot DJ, Cage TA, et al. (2012) A meta-analysis of predictors of seizure freedom in the surgical management of focal cortical dysplasia. J Neurosurg 116(5):1035–1041

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rubi S, Setoain X, Donaire A, et al. (2011) Validation of FDG-PET/MRI coregistration in nonlesional refractory childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 52(12):2216–2224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sarkis RA, Jehi LE, Bingaman WE, et al. (2010) Surgical outcome following resection of rolandic focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Res 90(3):240–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Schneider F, Irene WZ, Alexopoulos AV, et al. (2013) Magnetic source imaging and ictal SPECT in MRI-negative neocortical epilepsies: additional value and comparison with intracranial EEG. Epilepsia 54(2):359–369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Stanescu L, Ishak GE, Khanna PC, et al. (2013) FDG PET of the brain in pediatric patients: imaging spectrum with MR imaging correlation. Radiographics 33(5):1279–1303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Talanow R, Ruggieri P, Alexopoulos A, et al. (2009) PET manifestation in different types of pathology in epilepsy. Clin Nucl Med 34(10):670–674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Vadera S, Jehi L, Burgess RC, et al. Correlation between magnetoencephalography-based "clusterectomy" and postoperative seizure freedom. Neurosurg Focus 2013; 34(6): E9

  50. Van Schooneveld MM, Braun KP (2013) Cognitive outcome after epilepsy surgery in children. Brain and Development 35(8):721–729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vera P, Kaminska A, Cieuta C, et al. (1999) Use of subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI for optimizing the localization of seizure foci in children. J Nucl Med 40(5):786–792

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wyllie E (1996) Surgery for catastrophic localization-related epilepsy in infants. Epilepsia 37(Suppl 1):S22–S25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wyllie E, Comair YG, Kotagal P, et al. (1996) Epilepsy surgery in infants. Epilepsia 37(7):625–637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wyllie E, Lachhwani DK, Gupta A, et al. (2007) Successful surgery for epilepsy due to early brain lesions despite generalized EEG findings. Neurology 69(4):389–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave / S51, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

    Elia M. Pestana Knight, Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez & Ajay Gupta

Authors
  1. Elia M. Pestana Knight
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ajay Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elia M. Pestana Knight.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pestana Knight, E.M., Gonzalez-Martinez, J. & Gupta, A. Pre-operative evaluation in pediatric patients with cortical dysplasia. Childs Nerv Syst 31, 2225–2233 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2869-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2869-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation