Abstract
The regional heat flux exchange between heterogeneous landscapes and the nearby surface layer (SL) is a key issue in the study of land-atmosphere interactions over arid areas such as the Heihe River basin in northwestern China and in high elevation areas such as the Tibetan Plateau. Based on analysis of the land surface heterogeneity and its effects on the overlying air flow, the use of SL observations, atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations, and satellite remote sensing (RS) measurements along with three parameterization methodologies (here, termed as the RS, tile, and blending approaches) have been proposed to estimate the surface heat flux densities over heterogeneous landscapes. The tile and blending approaches have also been implemented during HEIhe basin Field Experiment (HEIFE), the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau (CAMP/Tibet), the Arid Environment Comprehensive Monitoring Plan’ 95 (AECMP′95), and the DunHuang Experiment (DHEX). The results showed that these two proposed parameterization methodologies can be accurately used over heterogeneous land surfaces.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Avissar, R., 1995: Scaling of land-atmosphere interactions: An atmospheric modelling perspective. Hydrological Processes, 9, 679–695.
Avissar, R., and R. A. Pielke, 1989: A parameterization of heterogeneous land surfaces for atmospheric numerical models and it impact on regional meteorology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2113–2136.
Bache, D. H., 1986: On the theory of gaseous transport to plant canopies. Atmos. Environ., 20, 1379–1388.
Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., 1995: Regionalization of surface fluxes and moisture indicators in composite terrain. Ph.D. dissertation, Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands, 273pp.
Brutsaert, W., 1984: Evaporation into the Atmosphere-Theory, History, and Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 299pp.
Claussen, M., 1991: Estimation of areally averaged surface fluxes. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 54, 387–410.
Deardorff, J. W., 1978: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1889–1903.
Gao, F., J. Masek, M. Schwaller, and F. Hal, 2006: On the blending of the Landsat and MODIS surface reflectance: Predicting daily Landsat surface reflectance. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44(8), 2207–2218.
Hunten, D. M., 1975: Vertical transport in atmospheres. Atmospheres of Earth and the Planets, B. M. McCormac, Ed., D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, 59–72.
Jia, L., and Coauthors, 2003: Estimation of sensible heat flux using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and ATSR measurements. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28, 75–88.
Ma, Y., 2003: Remote sensing parameterization of regional net radiation over heterogeneous land surface of GAME/Tibet and HEIFE. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(15), 3137–3148.
Ma, Y., and Coauthors, 2003: Remote sensing parameterization of land surface heat fluxes over arid and semi-arid areas. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 20(4), 530–539.
Ma, Y., and Coauthors, 2005: Diurnal and inter-monthly variation of land surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau area. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 80, 259–273.
Ma, Y., L. Zhong, Z. Su, H. Ishikawa, M. Menenti, and T. Koike, 2006: Determination of regional distributions and seasonal variations of land surface heat fluxes from Landsat-7 Ehanced Thematic Mapper data over the central Tibetan Plateau area. J. Geophys. Res., 111(D10305), doi: 10.1029/2005JD006742.
Mason, P., 1988: The formation of areally averaged roughness lengths. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 399–420.
Montheith, J. L., 1973: Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Aarnold, London, 241pp.
Philpot, W., 2007: Estimating atmospheric transmission and surface reflectance from a glint-contaminated spectral image. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45(2), 448–456.
Raupach, M. R., and J. J. Finnigan, 1995: Scale issues in boundary-layer meteorology: Surface energy balances in heterogeneous terrain. Hydrological Processes, 9, 589–612.
Su, Z, 2002: The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes. Hydrology Earth System Sciences, 6(1), 85–99.
Su, Z, H. Pelgrum, and M. Menenti, 1999: Aggregation effects of surface heterogeneity in land surface processes. Hydrology Earth System Sciences, 3, 549–563.
Wang, J., Y. Ma, M. Menenti, and W. G. M. Bastiaanssen, 1995: The scaling-up of processes in the heterogeneous landscape of HEIFE with the aid of satellite remote sensing. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 73(6), 1235–1244.
Wen, J., 1999: Land surface variables estimated from remote sensing and the correction of atmospheric effects. Ph.D. dissertation, Lanzhou Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China, 115pp.
Wieringa, J., 1986: Roughness-dependent geographical interpolation of surface wind speed averages. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 867–889.
Xue, Y., and J. Shukla, 1993: The influence of surface properties on Sahel climate. Part I: desertification. J. Climate, 6, 2232–2245.
Yang, P, R. Shibasaki, W. Wu, Q. Zhou, Z. Chen, Y. Zha, Y. Shi, and H. Tang, 2007: Evaluation of MODIS land cover and LAI products in cropland of North China plain using in situ measurements and Landsat TM images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45(11), 3087–3097.
Yu, Y., J. L. Privette, and A. C. Pinheiro, 2008: Evaluation of split-window land surface temperature algorithms for generating climate data records. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46(1), 179–192.
Zhang, Q., R. Huang, and H. Tian, 2003a: The study on parameterization scheme of surface turbulent momentum and sensible over Gobi underlying surface. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 20(1), 1–7.
Zhang, Q., G. Wei and R. Huang, 2003b: Characteristics of hydrologic transfer between soil and atmosphere over Gobi near oasis at the end of summer. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 20(3), 442–452.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, Y., Menenti, M. & Feddes, R. Parameterization of heat fluxes at heterogeneous surfaces by integrating satellite measurements with surface layer and atmospheric boundary layer observations. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 27, 328–336 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-9024-4
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-9024-4