Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Laser-based measurements and analyses on cycle-to-cycle variations of mixture formation in binary-component fuel sprays

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Experiments in Fluids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The cyclic variations of vapor distributions of a binary-component fuel spray were experimentally investigated. Ultraviolet–visible laser absorption/scattering technique was adopted for quantitative measurement of vapor mass distributions in a binary-component fuel spray. n-Hexane and p-xylene were chosen to form the binary-component test fuel. Intersection-over-union, an important concept in object detection, was firstly introduced to characterize more precisely the spray cyclic variations, in comparison with other traditional methods including presence probability image and coefficient of variation in spray penetration. As a result, a larger fluctuation was observed in vapor distributions of the higher boiling point component (p-xylene) in the binary-component fuel compared to that of the pure p-xylene spray, indicating that evaporation characteristic of multi-component fuel spray is one of the significant factors that affects the cyclic variations. Based on large amount of experimental observations, a concept of spray vapor distribution area with consideration of cyclic variation was proposed to give a more reasonable expression of spray structure, and a new empirical formula of spray vapor distribution area was given for prediction and numerical model validation.

Graphic abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Chen H, Hung DLS, Xu M, Zhong J (2013) Analyzing the cycle-to-cycle variations of pulsing spray characteristics by means of the proper orthogonal decomposition. At Sprays 23:623–641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen R, Nishida K, Shi B (2019) Quantitative investigation on the spray mixture formation for ethanol-gasoline blends via UV–Vis dual-wavelength laser absorption scattering (LAS) technique. Fuel 242:425–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fansler TD, Parrish SE (2015) Spray measurement technology: a review. Meas Sci Technol 26(1):012002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujikawa T, Nomura Y, Hattori Y, Kobayashi T, Kanda M (2003) Analysis of cycle-by-cycle variation in a direct injection gasoline engine using a laser-induced fluorescence technique. Int J Engine Res 4:143–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin JM (2018) Compression ignition engines are a big breakthrough—we got to try one. Ars Technica Web. https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/01/mazdas-skyactiv-x-shows-the-internal-combustion-engine-has-a-future/

  • Goryntsev D, Sadiki A, Klein M, Janicka J (2009) Large eddy simulation-based analysis of the effects of cycle-to-cycle variations on air-fuel mixing in realistic DISI IC-engines. Proc Combust Ins 32(2):2759–2766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goryntsev D, Sadiki A, Janicka J (2012) Cycle-to-cycle variations based unsteady effects on spray combustion in internal combustion engines by using LES. SAE tech paper 2012-01-0399

  • Hiroyasu H, Arai M (1990) Structures of fuel sprays in diesel engines. SAE tech paper 1050-1061

  • Hung DLS, Chmiel DM, Markle LE (2003) Application of an imaging-based diagnostic technique to quantify the fuel spray variations in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine. SAE tech paper 2003-01-0062

  • Hung DLS, Harrington DL, Gandhi AH et al (2008) Gasoline fuel injector spray measurement and characterization—a new SAE J2715 recommended practice. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 1(1):534–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Itani LM, Bruneaux G, Di Lella A, Schulz C (2015) Two-tracer LIF imaging of preferential evaporation of multi-component gasoline fuel sprays under engine conditions. Proc Combust Inst 35:2915–2922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchi A, Nouri J, Yan Y, Arcoumanis C (2010) Spray stability of outwards opening pintle injectors for stratified direct injection spark ignition engine operation. Int J Engine Res 11:413–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer M, Somers B, Johnson J, Naber J, Lee SY, Malbec LMC, Bruneaux G, Pickett LM, Bardi M, Payri R, Bazyn T (2012) Engine combustion network (ECN): characterization and comparison of boundary conditions for different combustion vessels. Atom Sprays 22(9):777–806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naber JD, Siebers DL (1996) Effects of gas density and vaporization on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays. SAE Trans 105:82–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsu N (1979) A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 9(1):62–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastor JV, García-Oliver JM, López JJ, Micó C (2016) Application of UV–visible light absorption and scattering technique to low absorption fuels under diesel-like conditions. Fuel 179:258–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payri R, Ruiz S, Salvador FJ, Gimeno J (2007) On the dependence of spray momentum flux in spray penetration: momentum flux packets penetration model. J Mech Sci Technol 21:1100–1111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi W, Zhang Y (2018) A three-color absorption/scattering imaging technique for simultaneous measurements on distributions of temperature and fuel concentration in a spray. Exp Fluids 59(4):70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi W, Zhang Y (2019) Quantitative measurement of binary-component fuel vapor distributions via laser absorption and scattering imaging. Appl Phys B 125(7):127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin W, Hung DLS, Xu M (2015) Investigation of the temporal evolution and spatial variation of in-cylinder engine fuel spray characteristics. Energy Convers Manag 98:430–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz C, Gronki J, Andersson S (2004) Measurements in a diesel spray. SAE tech paper 1032-1042

  • Senda J, Kanda T, Kobayashi M, Fujimoto H (1997) Quantitative analysis of fuel vapor concentration in diesel spray by exciplex fluorescence method. SAE tech paper 1012-1024

  • Vermorel O, Richard S, Colin O, Angelberger C, Benkenida A, Veynante D (2009) Towards the understanding of cyclic variability in a spark ignited engine using multi-cycle LES. Combust Flame 156:1525–1541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westlye FR, Penney K, Ivarsson A, Pickett LM, Manin J, Skeen SA (2017) Diffuse back-illumination setup for high temporally resolved extinction imaging. Appl Opt 56:5028–5038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wieske P, Wissel S, Grünefeld G, Graf M, Pischinger S (2006) Experimental investigation of the origin of cyclic fluctuations in a DISI engine by means of advanced laser induced exciplex fluorescence measurements. SAE tech paper 2006-01-3378

  • Wu S, Xu M, Hung DL, Li T, Pan H (2016) Analyzing the cycle-to-cycle variations of vapor and liquid phases of evaporating SIDI sprays via proper orthogonal decomposition technique. SAE Int J Engines 9(1):193–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon JK, Myong KJ, Senda J, Fujimoto H (2009) Analysis of spatial vapor-phase distribution using the LIF method on multi-component fuel. J Mech Sci Technol 23:2565–2573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y (2001) A study on mixture formation in diesel sprays with split injection strategy. Dissertation, Hiroshima University

  • Zhang Y, Nishida K (2007) Vapor distribution measurement of higher and lower volatile components in an evaporating fuel spray via laser absorption scattering (LAS) technique. Combust Sci Technol 179:863–881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Sick V (2007) Multi-component fuel imaging in a spray-guided spark-ignition direct-injection engine. SAE tech paper 2007-01-1826

  • Zhang Y, Yoshizaki T, Nishida K (2000) Imaging of droplets and vapor distributions in a Diesel fuel spray by means of a laser absorption–scattering technique. Appl Opt 39:6221–6229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Li S, Qi W, Nishida K (2017) Evaporation characterization of fuel spray impinging on a flat wall by laser-based measurement. Int J Engine Res 18:776–784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Li T, Lai Z, Wei Y (2019) Modeling diesel spray tip and tail penetrations after end-of-injection. Fuel 237:442–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zigan L, Schmitz I, Flügel A, Wensing M, Leipertz A (2011) Structure of evaporating single- and multicomponent fuel sprays for 2nd generation gasoline direct injection. Fuel 90:348–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zigan L, Shi JM, Krotow I, Schmitz I, Wensing M, Leipertz A (2013) Fuel property and fuel temperature effects on internal nozzle flow, atomization and cyclic spray fluctuations of a direct injection spark ignition-injector. Int J Engine Res 14:543–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research was sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91741130) and Intergovernmental International Cooperation in Science and Technology Innovation (No. 2016YFE0127500).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Wenyuan Qi, Yifan Zhou & Yuyin Zhang

Authors
  1. Wenyuan Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yifan Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuyin Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuyin Zhang.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Qi, W., Zhou, Y. & Zhang, Y. Laser-based measurements and analyses on cycle-to-cycle variations of mixture formation in binary-component fuel sprays. Exp Fluids 61, 87 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-2925-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-2925-9

Search

Navigation