Abstract
A methodology to perform three-dimensional reconstruction of an explosively driven shock wave’s position and shape as a function of time is developed here. A series of explosive tests are performed where the explosive process is imaged by multiple high-speed digital cameras spread over a wide area. The high-speed images are processed using the background-oriented schlieren method to visualize the shock wave. The data from the multiple camera views are then merged into a single three-dimensional point cloud representing the locations on the shock wave. The propagation of the shock wave is measured and fit to the Dewey equation. Analysis of the shock wave position and propagation allows identification of asymmetries on the shock front due to an asymmetrical explosion process. The techniques developed here are shown to be useful tools that can be implemented to augment the traditional point-wise instrumentation of current explosives research testing and provide an enhanced characterization of an explosion over traditional arena test methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atcheson B, Ihrke I, Heidrich W, Tevs A, Bradley D, Magnor M, Seidel HP (2008) Time-resolved 3d capture of non-stationary gas flows. ACM Trans Graphics 27(5):132
Brown M, Lowe DG (2005) Unsupervised 3d object recognition and reconstruction in unordered dataset. In: Fifth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling (3DIM’05). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIM.2005.81
Dewey JM (1971) The properties of a blast wave obtained from an analysis of the particle trajectories. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 324(1558):275–299
Dewey JM (2001) Expanding spherical shocks (blast waves). In: Ben-Dor G, Igra O, Elperin E (eds) Handbook of shock waves, vol 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 441–481
Hargather MJ, Settles GS, Dodson-Dreibelbis LJ, Liebner TJ (2008) Natural-background-oriented schlieren imaging. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Flow Visualization, vol 275
Hargather MJ (2013) Background-oriented schlieren diagnostics for large-scale explosive testing. Shock Waves 23:529–536
Hargather MJ, Settles GS (2010) Natural-background-oriented schlieren. Exp Fluids 48(1):59–68
Heikkila J, Silven O (1997) A four-step camera calibration procedure with implicit image correction. In: Proceedings of IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.1997.609468
Hunyadi L (2010) Spherefit. MATLAB central file exchange
Kleine H, Dewey JM, Ohashi K, Mizukaki T, Takayama K (2003) Studies of the TNT equivalence of silver azide charges. Shock Waves 13(2):123–138
Klinge F, Kirmse T, Kompenhans J (2003) Application of quantitative background oriented schlieren (bos): Investigation of a wing tip vortex in a transonic wind tunnel. In: Proceedings of PSFVIP-4, Chamonix, France
Marr D, Poggio T (1976) Cooperative computation of stereo disparity. Science 194(4262):283–287
Martin WN, Aggarwal JK (1983) Volumetric descriptions of objects from multiple views. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machi Intell PAMI 5(2):150–158
Mizukaki T, Tsukada H, Wakabayashi K, Matsumaura T, Nakayama Y (2011) Quantitative visualization of open-air explosions by using background-oriented schlieren with natural background. In: Kontis K (ed) 28th international symposium on shock waves. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Nicolas F, Todoroff V, Plyer A, Besnerais GL, Donjat D, Micheli F, Champagnat F, Cornic P, Sant YL (2016) A direct approach for instantaneous 3d density field reconstruction from background-oriented schlieren (BOS) measurements. Exp Fluids 57(13):13
Raffel M (2015) Background-oriented schlieren (bos) techniques. Exp Fluids 56(60):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-1927-5
Raffel M, Richard H, Meier G (2000) On the applicability of background oriented optical tomography for large scale aerodynamic investigations. Exp Fluids 28:477–481
Sachs RG (1944) Dependence of blast on ambient pressure and temperature. Tech. Rep. BRL-466, Army Ballistic Research Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground
Sant YL, Todoroff V, Bernard-Brunel A, Besnerais GL, Micheli F, et al (2014) Multi-camera calibration for 3DBOS. In: Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on applications of laser techniques to fluid mechanic. Lisbon, Portugal
Settles G (2001) Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques: Visualizing Phenomena in Transparent Media, 1st edn. Experimental Fluid Mechanics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Settles GS, Hargather MJ (2017) A review of recent developments in schlieren and shadowgraph techniques. Meas Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa5748
Slabaugh G, Culbertson B, Malzbender T, Schafer R (2001) A survey of methods for volumetric scene reconstruction from photographs. In: Mueller K, Kaufman AE (eds) Volume graphics 2001. Eurographics. Springer, Vienna
Sommersel O, Bjerketvedt D, Christensen S, Krest O, Vaagsaether K (2008) Application of background oriented schlieren for quantitative measurements of shock waves from explosions. Shock Waves 18(4):291–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-008-0142-1
The Mathworks I (2015) MATLAB: Computer Vision System Toolbox. MathWorks, r2015a edn
Wilson Dennis E, Granier John J, Johnson RV (2012) Selectable lethality, focused fragment munition and method of use. Patent US2012/0291654 A1, US
Winter K (2018) Three-dimensional shock wave reconstruction using multiple high-speed digital cameras and background oriented schlieren imaging. Master’s thesis, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
Zhang Z (2000) A flexible new technique for camera calibration. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machi Intell 22(11):1330–1334. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.888718
Acknowledgements
Portions of this work have been funded by Air Force SBIR Phase I Contract #F151-174-1751, awarded to Spectral Energies, LLC, PI: Dr. Sivaram Gogineni, with subcontractor Dr. Michael Hargather at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Winter, K.O., Hargather, M.J. Three-dimensional shock wave reconstruction using multiple high-speed digital cameras and background-oriented schlieren imaging. Exp Fluids 60, 93 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2738-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2738-x