Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Urologic complications of genitourinary schistosomiasis

  • Topic paper
  • Published:
World Journal of Urology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

To provide systematic review of the literature on the long-standing complications of genitourinary schistosomiasis.

Materials and methods

The PubMed literature database was searched from inception to December 2010. The following keywords were used: schistosomiasis, bilharziasis, and genitourinary. Only English language publications were utilized.

Results

Variable tissue reactions to bilharzial eggs with subsequent healing or progression and complications in the urinary tract mainly affect the urinary bladder and pelvic segments of the ureters. These lesions may assume an atrophic, proliferative, or neoplastic pattern. Although the pathology is usually extensive in the submucosal, all layers from the mucous membrane through deep to the perivesical or periureteral tissues may be involved. Main fixed bilharzial urologic sequelae include chronic bladder ulcers, leucoplakia, vesical granuloma, contracted bladder, bladder neck contracture, stricture ureters, and bladder carcinoma. These sequelae may lead to marked morphologic and functional changes of the urinary tract, and ultimately, mortality can follow from renal failure or bladder cancer.

Conclusions

Urinary schistosomiasis is a preventable disease through nationwide snail control and mass therapy with oral antibilharzial drugs. If not properly treated, long-standing urinary complications may result in serious sequelae that may lead to mortality from renal failure or bladder cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. World Health Organization (2008) Schistosomiasis: burden and trends. Available from http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/10/08-058669/en/

  2. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en/index.html. Feb 2010

  3. Hueper WC (1969) Occupational and environmental cancers of the urinary tract. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, pp 323–335

    Google Scholar 

  4. Makar N (1955) Urological aspects of bilharziasis in Egypt. Societe Orientale de Publicite, Cairo, p 51, 208

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ikinger U, Koraitim M, Seitz HK, (1994) Schistosomiasis: new aspects of an old disease. Ullstein Mosby, Berlin, p 212

  6. Shokeir AA, Ibrahim AM, Hamid MY, Shalaby MA, Hussein HE, Badr M (1972) Urinary bilharziasis in upper Egypt. I. A clinicopathological study. East Afr Med J 49(4):298–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Khafagy MM, el-Bolkainy MN, Mansour MA (1972) Carcinoma of the bilharzial urinary bladder. A study of the associated mucosal lesions in 86 cases. Cancer 30(1):150–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Koraitim M, al-Ghorab M (1972) The diagnosis of bilharzial bladder neck obstruction: evaluation of criteria in 140 cases. J Urol 107(3):381–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sayegh ES, Dimmette RM (1956) The fibrotic contracted urinary bladder associated with schistosomiasis and chronic ulceration: a clinicopathological study including treatment. J Urol 75(4):671–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Al-Shukri S, Alwan MH, Nayef M (1987) Ureteral strictures caused by bilharziasis. Z Urol Nephrol 80(11):615–624

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ishak K, Le Golvan P, El Sebai I (1959) Malignant bladder tumours associated with schistosomiasis. In: Mostofi F (ed) Bilharziasis. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ghoneim MA, el-Mekresh MM, el-Baz MA, el-Attar IA, Ashamallah A (1997) Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder: critical evaluation of the results in 1,026 cases. J Urol 158(2):393–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ghoneim MA, Abdel-Latif M, el-Mekresh M, Abol-Enein H, Mosbah A, Ashamallah A, el-Baz MA (2008) Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder: 2,720 consecutive cases 5 years later. J Urol 180(1):121–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. El-Merzabani MM, El-Aser AA, Zakhary NI (1979) Etiological factors of bilharzial bladder cancer in Egypt: nitrosamines and their precursors in urine. Eur J Cancer 15:287–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Yosry A (2006) Schistosomiasis and neoplasia. Contrib Microbiol 13:81–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. El-Boulkany MN, Ghoneim MA, Mansour MA (1972) Carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder in Egypt. Clinical and pathological features. Br J Urol 44(5):561–570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. El-Sebai I, Sherif M, El-Bolkainy M, Mansour M, Ghoneim M (1979) Verrucous squamous carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 4:407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. El-Bolkainy MN (1998) Topographic pathology of cancer Cairo University. Al-Ahram Press, Cairo, pp 59–63

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ghoneim MA, Mansour MA, El-Bolkainy MN (1974) Staging of carcinoma of bilharzial bladder. Urology 3:40–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. El-Bolkainy M, Tawfik H, Kamel I (1981) Histopathologic classification of carcinomas in the schistosomal bladder. In: El-Bolkainy MNE, Chu EWE (eds) Detection of bladder cancer: associated with schistosomiasis. The National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vilana R, Corachan M, Gascon J, Valls E, Bru C (1997) Schistosomiasis of the male genital tract: transrectal sonographic findings. J Urol 158940:1491–1493

    Google Scholar 

  22. Al-Saeed O, Sheikh M, Kehinde EO, Makar R (2003) Seminal vesicle masses detected incidentally during transrectal sonographic examination of the prostate. J Clin Ultrasound 31(4):201–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Khalaf IM (1970) Giant urinary calculi in relation to urinary bilharziasis. M. Ch Thesis, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

  24. Ibrahim A (1978) The relationship between urinary bilharziasis and urolithiasis in the Sudan. Br J Urol 50(5):294–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Winsbury-White HP (1954) Stones in the urinary tract. Butterworth & Co, London

    Google Scholar 

  26. Barsoum RS ( 2003) Schistosomiasis and the kidney. Semin Nephrol 23(1):34–41

    Google Scholar 

  27. Khalaf I, Koritim M (2004) Genitourinary Schistosomiasis. In: Kamel R, Lumley J (eds) Textbook of tropical surgery. Westminster Publishing Ltd, London, pp 673–680

    Google Scholar 

  28. El-Bolkainy MN, Ghoneim MA, El-Morsey BA, Nasr SM (1974) Carcinoma of bilharzial bladder: diagnostic value of urine cytology. Urology 3:319–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Basta MT, Attallah AM, Seddek MN et al (1988) Cytokeratin shedding in urine: a biological marker for bladder cancer. Br J Urol 61:116–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ghoneim MA (1994) Nontransitional cell bladder cancer. In: Krane RJ, Siroky MB, Fitzpatrick JM (eds) Clinical urology, chap 47. Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, pp 679–687

    Google Scholar 

  31. Al-Shukri S, Alwan MH (1983) Bilharzial strictures of the lower third of the ureter: a critical review of 560 strictures. Br J Urol 55(5):477–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bichler KH, Savatovsky I, Naber KG, Bischop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, Botto H, Cek M, Grabe M, Lobel B, Redorta JP, Tenke P (2006) EAU guidelines for the management of urogenital schistosomiasis. Eur Urol 49(6):998–1003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Feldmeier H, Leutscher P, Poggensee G, Harms G (1999) Male genital Schistsomiasis and haemospermia. Trop Med Int Health 4(12):1029–1039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Danso-Appiah A, Utzinger J, Liu J, Olliaro P (2008) Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD000053

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ghoneim MA, Ashamallah AK, Awaad HK, Whitmore WF (1985) Randomized trial of cystectomy with or without preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder. J Urol 134:266–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gad El-Mawla N, Hamza MR, ZKh Zikri (1989) Chemotherapy in invasive carcinoma of the bladder: a review of phase II trials in Egypt. Acta Oncol 28:73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. De la Taille A, Ravery V, Hoffmann P, Hermieu JF, Moulinier F, Delmas V, Boccon-Gibod L (1997) Treatment of ureteral stenosis using high pressure dilatation catheters. Prog Urol 7(3):408–414

    Google Scholar 

  38. ElAbd SA, ElShaer AF, ElMahrouky AS, ElAshry OM, Emran MA (1996) Long-term results of endourologic and percutaneous management of ureteral strictures in bilharzial patients. J Endourol 10(1):35–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ravi G, Motalib MA (1993) Surgical correction of bilharzial ureteric stricture by Boari flap technique. Br J Urol 71(5):535–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Shokeir AA, Gaballah MA, Ashamallah AA, Ghoneim MA (1991) Optimization of replacement of the ureter by ileum. J Urol 146(2):306–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ghoneim MA, Ali-El-Dein B (2005) Replacement of the ureter by an ileal tube, using the Yang-monti procedure. BJU Int 95(3):455–470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L (2000) The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77(1):41–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Khalaf I, Shokeir A (2010) Genitourinary Schistosomiasis. In: Naber K, Schaeffer A, Heyns C, Matsumoto T, Shoskes D, Bjerklund Johansen T (eds) Urogenital infections. European Association of Urology, The Netherlands, pp 943–958

  44. Sanchez-Carbayo M (2004) Recent advances in bladder cancer diagnostics. Clin Biochem 37(7):562–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sanchez-Carbayo M (2003) Use of high-throughput DNA microarrays to identify biomarkers for bladder cancer. Clin Chem 49(1):23–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, P O Box 2477, Elhorria, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11361, Egypt

    Ismail Khalaf

  2. Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Ahmed Shokeir

  3. Department of Urology, Assuit Faculty of Medicine, Assuit, Egypt

    Mohamed Shalaby

Authors
  1. Ismail Khalaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahmed Shokeir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohamed Shalaby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ismail Khalaf.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Khalaf, I., Shokeir, A. & Shalaby, M. Urologic complications of genitourinary schistosomiasis. World J Urol 30, 31–38 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-011-0751-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-011-0751-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation