Abstract
This study explored several features related to salt tolerance in soybean plants through plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Pseudomonas sp. strain AK-1, and Bacillus sp. strain SJ-5). We report the significant effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid production and exopolysaccharide production from both bacterial strains on physical parameters and biochemical activities in Glycine max plants under salt stress. In this report, we investigated the leaf water content, osmolyte accumulation, and activities of stress-responsive enzymes in the absence and presence of salt stress. Control (plants devoid of bacterial strains) and PGPR-inoculated soybean plants were grown in half Murashige and Skoog medium subjected to saline and non-saline conditions. Results showed that PGPR-inoculated plants had superior tolerance against salt stress, as shown by their enhanced plant biomass (fresh weight), higher water content, higher photosynthesis activity, and lower osmotic stress injury. The increased proline accumulation and lipoxygenase activity in PGPR-inoculated plant roots contributed to increased plant tolerance to salt stress. SJ-5-inoculated plants (0.414 U/mg protein) and AK-1-inoculated plants (0.403 U/mg protein) showed higher LOX activity than control plants (0.366 U/mg protein). Proline content was higher in SJ-5-(120 µg/g f.w.) and AK-1-(135 µg/g f.w.)inoculated plants than control plants (90 µg/g f.w.). Peroxidase activity was also higher in PGPR-inoculated plant roots during salinity. These results suggest that, in PGPR-inoculated roots, lipoxygenase plays a role in mitigating the adverse effect of salt stress. Furthermore, enhanced proline maintains osmotic balance and a positive water potential for water entrance into the roots, and peroxidase enzyme reduces oxidative damage by lowering reactive oxygen species level under salt stress. Our results indicated that both Pseudomonas and Bacillus are multifunctional PGPR strains that can promote plant growth, development and reduce salinity stress. However, our Bacillus bacterium strain had more ACC deaminase, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore activity under salt stress as compared to the Pseudomonas strain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan MS (2008) Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiol Res 163:173–181
Albacete A, Ghanem ME, Martınez-Andujar C, Acosta M, Sanchez-Bravo J, Martınez V, Lutts S, Dodd IC, Perez- Alfocea F (2008) Hormonal changes in relation to biomass partitioning and shoot growth impairment in salinised tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. J Exp Bot 59:4119–4131
Amprayna KO, Rosea MT, Kecskés M, Pereg L, Nguyend HT, Kennedya IR (2012) Plant growth promoting characteristics of soil yeast (Candida tropicalis HY) and its effectiveness for promoting rice growth. Appl Soil Ecol 61:295–299
Anderson AJ, Guerra D (1985) Response of bean to root colonization with Pseudomonas putida in a hydroponic system. Physiol Biochem 75:92–95
Ashraf M, Berge SH, Mahmood OT (2004) Inoculating wheat seedling with exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria restricts sodium uptake and stimulates plant growth under salt stress. Biol Fertil Soils 40:157–162
Auge RM, Stodola AJW, Brown MS, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1992) Stomatal response of mycorrhizal cowpea and soybean to short-term osmotic stress. New Phytol 120:117–125
Bano A, Fatima M (2009) Salt tolerance in Zea mays (L). following inoculation with Rhizobium and Pseudomonas. Biol Fert Soils 45:405–413
Banu MNA, Hoque MA, Watanabe-Sugimoto M, Matsuoka K, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murataa Y (2009) Proline and glycinebetaine induce antioxidant defense gene expression and suppress cell death in cultured tobacco cells under salt stress. J Plant Physiol 166:146–156
Barka EA, Nowak J, Clement C (2006) Enhancement of chilling resistance of inoculated grapevine plantlets with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7246–7252
Baset Mia MA, Shamsuddin ZH, Wahab Z, Marziah M (2010) Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth and nitrogen incorporation of tissue-cultured Musa plantlets under nitrogen-free hydroponics condition. AJCS 4(2):85–90
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207
Bilková A, Bezáková L, Bilka F, Pšenák M (2005) An amine oxidase in seedlings of Papaver somniferum L. Biol Plant 49:389–394
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Caron M, Patten CL, Ghosh S (1995) Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida GR-12-2 on the physiology of canolla roots. In: Green DW (ed) Plant Growth Regulation Society 22nd Conference, July 18–20
Celik O, Ceimen A (2012) evaluation of proline accumulation and Δ1-proline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene expression during salinity stress in two soybean varieties. Pol J Environ Stud 21(3):559–564
Choudhary DK (2011) Plant growth-promotion (PGP) activities and molecular characterization of rhizobacterial strains isolated from soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) plants against charcoal rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. Biotechnol Lett 33:2287–2295
Choudhary DK (2012) Microbial rescue to plant under habitat imposed abiotic and biotic stresses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 96:1137–1155
Compant S, Duffy B, Nowak J, Clement C, Barka EA (2005) Use of plant growth-promoting bacteria for biocontrol of plant diseases: principles, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4951–4959
Compant S, Clement C, Sessitsch A (2010) Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization. Soil Biol Biochem 42:669–678
Corpas FJ, Hayashi M, Mano S, Nishimura M, Barroso JB (2009) Peroxisomes are required for in vivo nitric oxide accumulation in the cytosol following salinity stress of Arabidopsis plants. Plant Physiol 151:2083–2094
David A, Yadav S, Bhatla SC (2010) Sodium chloride stress induces nitric oxide accumulation in root tips and oil body surface accompanying slower oleosin degradation in sunflower seedlings. Physiol Plant 140:342–354
Dworkin M, Foster J (1958) Experiments with some microorganisms which utilize ethane and hydrogen. J Bacteriol 75(5):592–603
Farinati S, DalCorso G, Panigati M, Furini A (2011) Interaction between selected bacterial strains and Arabidopsis halleri modulates shoot proteome and cadmium and zinc accumulation. J Exp Bot 62:3433–3447
Glick BR (2012) Plant growth-promoting bacteria: mechanisms and applications. Scientifica 2012:1–15. doi:10.6064/2012/963401
Glick BR, Changping L, Sibdas G, Dumbroff EB (1997) Early development of canola seedlings in the presence of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas putida GR12-2. Soil Biol Biochem 29:1233–1239
Glick BR, Todorovic B, Czarny J, Cheng Z, Duan J, McConkey B (2007) Promotion of plant growth by bacterial ACC deaminase. Crit Rev Plant Sci 26:227–242
Grebner W, Stingl EN, Oenel A, Mueller JM, Berger S (2013) Lipoxygenase6-dependent oxylipin synthesis in roots is required for abiotic and biotic stress resistance of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 161:2159–2170
Gururani MA, Upadhyaya CP, Baskar V, Venkatesh J, Nookaraju A, Park SW (2013) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance abiotic stress tolerance in Solanum tuberosum through inducing changes in the expression of ROS-scavenging enzymes and improved photosynthetic performance. J Plant Growth Regul 32:245–258
Gyaneshwar P, Naresh Kumar G, Parekh LJ, Poole PS (2002) Role of soil microorganisms in improving P nutrition of plants. Plant Soil 245:83–93
Halliwell B, Chirico S (1993) Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. Am J Clin Nutr 57:715S–724S
Han HS, Lee KD (2005) Physiological responses of soybean - inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with PGPR in saline soil conditions. Res J Agri Biol Sci 1(3):216–221
Hasegawa S, Sogabe Y, Asano T, Nakagawa T, Nakamura H, Kodama H, Ohta H, Yamaguchi K, Mueller MJ, Nishiuchi T (2011) Gene expression analysis of wounding-induced root-to-shoot communication in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant, Cell Environ 34:705–716
Hause B, Schaarschmidt S (2009) The role of jasmonates in mutualistic symbioses between plants and soil-born microorganisms. Phytochem 70:1589–1599
Hien DT, Jacobs M, Angenon G, Hermans C, Thu TT, Son LV (2003) Proline accumulation and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase gene properties in three rice cultivars differing in salinity and drought tolerance. Plant Sci 165:1059–1068
Hodges DM, Delong JM, Forney CF, Prange RK (1999) Improving the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissue containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Planta 207:604–611
Islam M, Hoque MA, Okuma E, Banu MNA, Shimoishi Y, Nakamura Y, Murataa Y (2009) Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase antioxidant enzyme activities and confer tolerance to cadmium stress in cultured tobacco cells. J Plant Physiol 166:1587–1597
Jain S, Choudhary DK (2014) Induced defense-related proteins in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plants by Carnobacterium sp. SJ-5 upon challenge inoculation of Fusarium oxysporum. Planta 239(5):1027–1040
Jain M, Mathur G, Koul S, Sarin NB (2001) Ameliorative effects of proline on salt stress-induce lipid peroxidation in cell line of groundnut (Arachis hypgaea L.). Plant Cell Rep 20:463–468
Jha Y, Subramanian RB, Patel S (2010) Combination of endophytic and rhizospheric plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in Oryza sativa shows higher accumulation of osmoprotectant against saline stress. Acta Physiol Plant 33:797–802
Kasotia A, Jain S, Vaishnav A, Kumari S, Gaur RK, Choudhary DK (2012) Soybean growth promotion by Pseudomonas sp. strain VS-1 under salt stress. Pak J Biol Sci 15:698–701
Khedr AHA, Abbas MA, Wahid AAW, Quick WP, Abogadallah GM (2003) Proline induces the expression of salt-stress-responsive proteins and may improve the adaptation of Pancratium maritimum L. to salt-stress. J Exp Bot 54(392):2553–2562
Kim DW, Shibato J, Agrawal GK, Fujihara S, Iwahashi H, Kim DH (2007) Gene transcription in the leaves of rice undergoing salt-induced morphological changes (Oryza sativa L.). Mol Cell 24:45–59
Kishor PB, Hong Z, Miao GH, Hu CA, Verma DPS (1995) Overexpression of D1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase increases proline production and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants. Plant Physiol 108:1387–1394
Kohler J, Hernández JA, Caravacaa F, Roldána A (2008) Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi modify alleviation biochemical mechanisms Zin water-stressed plants. Funct Plant Biol 35:141–151
Kohler J, Hernández JA, Caravacaa F, Roldána A (2009) Induction of antioxidant enzymes is involved in the greater effectiveness of a PGPR versus AM fungi with respect to increasing the tolerance of lettuce to severe salt stress. Environ Exp Bot 65:245–252
Kumar A, Prakash A, Johri BN (2011) Bacteria in agrobiology: crop ecosystems. In: Maheshwari DK (ed) Bacillus as PGPR in crop ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, pp 37–59
Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685
Lee HM, Lee BC (2000) Chilling stress-induced changes of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of cucumber: in gel enzyme activity assays. Plant Sci 159:75–85
Lichtenthaler HK, Wellburn AR (1985) Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls A and B of leaf in different solvents. Biol Soc Trans 11:591–592
Lugtenberg B, Kamilova F (2009) Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 63:541–556
Mahajan S, Tuteja N (2005) Cold, salinity and drought stresses: an overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 444:139–158
Mayak S, Tirosh T, Glick BR (2004a) Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:565–572
Mayak S, Tirosh T, Glick BR (2004b) Plant growth-promoting bacteria that confer resistance to water stress in tomato and pepper. Plant Sci 166:525–530
Mayer MA (2006) Polyphenol oxidases in plants and fungi: going places? A review. Phytochem 67:2318–2331
Maziah M, Zuraida AR, Halimi MS, Zulkifli HS, Sreeramanan S (2010) Influence of boron on the growth and biochemical changes in plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculated banana plantlets. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26:933–944
Molinari HBC, Marur CJ, Daros E, de Campos MKF, de Carvalho JFRP, Filho JCB (2007) Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of proline in transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp): osmotic adjustment, chlorophyll fluorescence andoxidative stress. Plant Physiol 130:218–229
Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Ann Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681
Nadeem SM, Ahmad ZZ, Naveed M, Arshad M (2007) Preliminary investigations on inducing salt tolerance in maize through inoculation with rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase activity. Can J Microbiol 53:1141–1149
Nautiyal CS (1999) An efficient microbiological growth medium for screening phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 170:265–270
Naz I, Bano A, Hassan TU (2009) Isolation of phytohormones producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from weeds growing in Khewra salt range, Pakistan and their implication in providing salt tolerance to Glycine max L. Afri J Biotechnol 8(21):5762–5766
Neill S, Barros R, Bright J, Desikan R, Hancock J, Harrison J, Morris P, Ribeiro D, Wilson I (2008) Nitric oxide, stomatal closure, and abiotic stress. J Exp Bot 59:165–176
Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol 49:249–279
Okuma E, Murakami Y, Shimoishi Y, Tada M, Murata Y (2004) Effects of exogenous application of proline and betaine on the growth of tobacco cultured cells under saline conditions. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 50:1301–1305
Penrose DM, Glick BR (2003) Methods for isolating and characterizing ACC deaminase containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Physiol Plant 118:10–15
Porcel R, Barea JM, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2003) Antioxidant activities in mycorrhizal soybean plants under drought stress and their possible relationship to the process of nodule senescence. New Phytol 157:135–143
Porcel R, Barea JM, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. J Exp Bot 55(403):1743–1750
Qurashi AW, Sabri AN (2011) Osmoadaptation and plant growth promotion by salt tolerant bacteria under salt stress. Afr J Microbiol Res 5(21):3546–3554
Qureshi MI, Abdin MZ, Ahmad J, Iqbal M (2013) Effect of long-term salinity on cellular antioxidants, compatible solute and fatty acid profile of Sweet Annie (Artemisia annua L.). Phytochem 95:215–223
Ramamoorthy V, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R (2002) Induction of defense-related proteins in tomato roots treated with Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf1 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Plant Soil 239:55–68
Rodrigues Ac, Bonifacio A, Antunes JEL, Silveira JAG, Figueiredo MVBAC (2013) Minimization of oxidative stress in cowpea nodules by the interrelationship between Bradyrhizobium sp. and plant growth-promoting bacteria. App Soil Ecol 64:245–251
Ryu CM, Hu CH, Locy RD, Kloepper JW (2005) Study of mechanisms for plant growth promotion elicited by rhizobacteria in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Soil 268:285–292
Saravana DK, Samiyappan R (2007) ACC deaminase from Pseudomonas fluorescens mediated saline resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogea) plants. J Appl Microbiol 102:1283–1292
Senthil KM, Swarnlakshmi K, Govindasamy V, Lee YK, Annapurna K (2009) Biocontrol potential of soybean bacterial endophytes against charcoal rot fungus Rhizoctonia bataticola. Curr Microbiol 58:288–293
Sharifi M, Ghorbanli M, Ebrahimzadeh H (2007) Improved growth of salinity-stressed soybean after inoculation with salt pre-treated mycorrhizal fungi. J Plant Physiol 164:1144–1151
Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M (2012) Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J Bot. doi:10.1155/2012/217037
Sheng XF, Xia JJ, Jiang CY, He LY, Qian M (2008) Characterization of heavy metal-resistant endophytic bacteria from rape (Brassica napus) roots and their potential in promoting the growth and lead accumulation of rape. Environ Pollut 15:1164–1170
Shukla PS, Agarwal PK, Jha B (2012) Improved salinity tolerance of Arachis hypogaea (L.) by the interaction of halotolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. J Plant Growth Regul 31:195–206
Sziderics AH, Rasche F, Trognitz F, Sessitsch A, Wilhelm E (2007) Bacterial endophytes contribute to abiotic stress adaptation in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Can J Microbiol 53:1195–1202
Vardharajula S, Ali SA, Grover M, Reddy G, Bandi V (2011) Drought-tolerant plant growth promoting Bacillus spp.: effect on growth, osmolytes, and antioxidant status of maize under drought stress. J Plant Interact 6(1):1–14
Wahyudi AT, Astuti RP, Widyawati A, Meryandini A, Nawangsih AA (2011) Characterization of Bacillus sp. strains isolated from rhizosphere of soybean plants for their use as potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. J Microbiol Antimicrob 3:34–40
Weisany W, Sohrabi Y, Heidaril G, Siosemardeh A, Ghassemi-Golezani K (2012) Changes in antioxidant enzymes activity and plant performance by salinity stress and zinc application in soybean (Glycine max L.). Plant Omics J 5(2):60–67
Wellburn AR (1994) The spectral determination of chlorophylls A and B, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J Plant Phys 144:307–313
Wu SC, Cao ZH, Li ZG, Cheung KC, Wonga MH (2005) Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Ganoderma 125:155–166
Xuan Y, Zhou S, Wang L, Cheng Y, Zhao L (2010) Nitric oxide functions as a signal and acts upstream of AtCaM3 in thermotolerance in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol 153:1895–1906
Yamada M, Morishita H, Urano K, Shiozaki N, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K (2005) Effects of free proline accumulation in petunias under drought stress. J Exp Bot 56(417):1975–1981
Yan Z, Reddy MS, Kloepper JW (2003) Survival and colonization of rhizobacteria in a tomato transplant system. Can J Microbiol 49:383–389
Yan Z, Wang W, Tang D (2007) Effect of different time of salt stress on growth and some physiological processes of Avicennia marina seedlings. Mar Biol 152:581–587
Yang X-Y, Jiang W-J, Yu H-J (2012) The expression profiling of the lipoxygenase (LOX) family genes during fruit development, abiotic stress and hormonal treatments in cucumber (Cucumis Sativus l.). Int J Mol Sci 13:2481–2500
Acknowledgments
The research was supported by SERB-DST Grant No. SR/FT/LS-129/2012 to DKC. Some of the research has partially been supported by DBT Grant No. BT/PR1231/AGR/21/340/2011 to DKC. Authors would like to acknowledge Prof. A.R. Podile, DBT TASK-FORCE member for his valuable suggestions and guidance. Authors would also like to acknowledge Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh for providing a platform to carry out present research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumari, S., Vaishnav, A., Jain, S. et al. Bacterial-Mediated Induction of Systemic Tolerance to Salinity with Expression of Stress Alleviating Enzymes in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). J Plant Growth Regul 34, 558–573 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-015-9490-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-015-9490-0