Sensitive detection of temperature behind reflected shock waves using wavelength modulation spectroscopy of CO₂ near 2.7 μm

Abstract

Tunable diode-laser absorption of CO₂ near 2.7 μm incorporating wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection (WMS-2f) is used to provide a new sensor for sensitive and accurate measurement of the temperature behind reflected shock waves in a shock-tube. The temperature is inferred from the ratio of 2f signals for two selected absorption transitions, at 3633.08 and 3645.56 cm⁻¹, belonging to the ν ₁+ν ₃ combination vibrational band of CO₂ near 2.7 μm. The modulation depths of 0.078 and 0.063 cm⁻¹ are optimized for the target conditions of the shock-heated gases (P∼1–2 atm, T∼800–1600 K). The sensor is designed to achieve a high sensitivity to the temperature and a low sensitivity to cold boundary-layer effects and any changes in gas pressure or composition. The fixed-wavelength WMS-2f sensor is tested for temperature and CO₂ concentration measurements in a heated static cell (600–1200 K) and in non-reactive shock-tube experiments (900–1700 K) using CO₂–Ar mixtures. The relatively large CO₂ absorption strength near 2.7 μm and the use of a WMS-2f strategy minimizes noise and enables measurements with lower concentration, higher accuracy, better sensitivity and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to earlier work, using transitions in the 1.5 and 2.0 μm CO₂ combination bands. The standard deviation of the measured temperature histories behind reflected shock waves is less than 0.5%. The temperature sensor is also demonstrated in reactive shock-tube experiments of n-heptane oxidation. Seeding of relatively inert CO₂ in the initial fuel-oxidizer mixture is utilized to enable measurements of the pre-ignition temperature profiles. To our knowledge, this work represents the first application of wavelength modulation spectroscopy to this new class of diode lasers near 2.7 μm.