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Diameter and location control of ZnO nanowires using electrodeposition and sodium citrate

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Abstract

We report single-step growth of spatially localized ZnO nanowires of controlled diameter to enable improved performance of piezoelectric devices such as nanogenerators. This study is the first to demonstrate the combination of electrodeposition with zinc nitrate and sodium citrate in the growth solution. Electrodeposition through a thermally-grown silicon oxide mask results in localization, while the growth voltage and solution chemistry are tuned to control the nanowire geometry. We observe a competition between lateral (relative to the (0001) axis) citrate-related morphology and voltage-driven vertical growth which enables this control. High aspect ratios result with either pure nitrate or nitrate-citrate mixtures if large voltages are used, but low growth voltages permit the growth of large diameter nanowires in solution with citrate. Measurements of the current density suggest a two-step growth process. An oxide mask blocks the electrodeposition, and suppresses nucleation of thermally driven growth, permitting single-step lithography on low cost p-type silicon substrates.

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Notes

  1. Cobalt silicide coated wafers obtained from IBM.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Charles Daghlian for his expert assistance with the SEM and Dr. James Slinkman for providing us with the cobalt silicide wafers from IBM. We are grateful for the partial support of the Dartmouth College Thomas E. Anderson, Sr. GP’96,’09 Fund for Undergraduate Research and the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA

    Max L. Lifson & Christopher G. Levey

  2. Physics Department, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Ursula J. Gibson

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  1. Max L. Lifson
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  2. Christopher G. Levey
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  3. Ursula J. Gibson
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Correspondence to Ursula J. Gibson.

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Lifson, M.L., Levey, C.G. & Gibson, U.J. Diameter and location control of ZnO nanowires using electrodeposition and sodium citrate. Appl. Phys. A 113, 243–247 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7538-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-7538-6

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