Abstract
Surface fimbriae of pathogenic Escherichia coli facilitate sensing, adhesion and even invasion of host epithelial cells. While it is known that the pathogen has the potential to express a plethora of fimbrial variants susceptible to rapid phase ON/OFF variation, it is an open question if the fimbrial diversity seen at the population level is the product of random stochasticity or a concerted effort based on active communication. Here we discuss the possibility of a mechanism alternative to a stochastic fimbrial phase variation model affecting the dynamics of a heterogeneous population.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersen SB et al (2015) Long-term social dynamics drive loss of function in pathogenic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(34):10756–10761
Anderson GG et al (2003) Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections. Science 301(5629):105–107
Aoki SK et al (2009) Contact-dependent growth inhibition causes reversible metabolic downregulation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 191(6):1777–1786
Bayliss CD (2009) Determinants of phase variation rate and the fitness implications of differing rates for bacterial pathogens and commensals. FEMS Microbiol Rev 33(3):504–520
Blango MG, Mulvey MA (2009) Bacterial landlines: contact-dependent signaling in bacterial populations. Curr Opin Microbiol 12(2):177–181
Buckles EL et al. (2015) Signature-tagged mutagenesis and co-infection studies demonstrate the importance of P fimbriae in a murine model of urinary tract infection. Pathog Dis 73(4)
Connell I et al (1996) Type 1 fimbrial expression enhances Escherichia coli virulence for the urinary tract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(18):9827–9832
Czechowska K et al (2014) Cheating by type 3 secretion system-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa during pulmonary infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(21):7801–7806
Floyd KA et al (2015) Adhesive fiber stratification in uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms unveils oxygen-mediated control of type 1 pili. PLoS Pathog 11(3):e1004697
Graveline R et al (2015) Monitoring F1651 P-like fimbria expression at the single-cell level reveals a highly heterogeneous phenotype. Infect Immun 83(5):1929–1939
Greene SE et al (2015) Human urine decreases function and expression of Type 1 Pili in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. MBio 6(4):e00820
Gunther NWT et al (2002) Assessment of virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli type 1 fimbrial mutants in which the invertible element is phase-locked on or off. Infect Immun 70(7):3344–3354
Henderson JP et al (2009) Quantitative metabolomics reveals an epigenetic blueprint for iron acquisition in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog 5(2):e1000305
Hernday A et al (2002) Self-perpetuating epigenetic pili switches in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(Suppl 4):16470–16476
Holden NJ, Gally DL (2004) Switches, cross-talk and memory in Escherichia coli adherence. J Med Microbiol 53(Pt 7):585–593
Humphries AD et al (2003) The use of flow cytometry to detect expression of subunits encoded by 11 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium fimbrial operons. Mol Microbiol 48(5):1357–1376
Hung C et al (2013) Escherichia coli biofilms have an organized and complex extracellular matrix structure. MBio 4(5):e00645
Khandige S et al (2015) sRNA-mediated regulation of P-fimbriae phase variation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog 11(8):e1005109
Koch G et al (2014) Evolution of resistance to a last-resort antibiotic in Staphylococcus aureus via bacterial competition. Cell 158(5):1060–1071
Martinez JJ et al (2000) Type 1 pilus-mediated bacterial invasion of bladder epithelial cells. EMBO J 19(12):2803–2812
Melican K et al (2011) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli P and Type 1 fimbriae act in synergy in a living host to facilitate renal colonization leading to nephron obstruction. PLoS Pathog 7(2):e1001298
Morschhauser J et al (1994) Adhesin regulatory genes within large, unstable DNA regions of pathogenic Escherichia coli: cross-talk between different adhesin gene clusters. Mol Microbiol 11(3):555–566
Mulvey MA et al (1998) Induction and evasion of host defenses by type 1-piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Science 282(5393):1494–1497
Pichon C et al (2012) An in silico model for identification of small RNAs in whole bacterial genomes: characterization of antisense RNAs in pathogenic Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae strains. Nucl Acids Res 40(7):2846–2861
Reigstad CS, Hultgren SJ, Gordon JI (2007) Functional genomic studies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and host urothelial cells when intracellular bacterial communities are assembled. J Biol Chem 282(29):21259–21267
Reisner A et al (2014) Type 1 fimbriae contribute to catheter-associated urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 196(5):931–939
Roberts JA et al (1994) The Gal(alpha 1-4)Gal-specific tip adhesin of Escherichia coli P-fimbriae is needed for pyelonephritis to occur in the normal urinary tract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91(25):11889–11893
Rumbaugh KP et al (2009) Quorum sensing and the social evolution of bacterial virulence. Curr Biol 19(4):341–345
Schembri MA et al (2005) Capsule and fimbria interaction in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 73(8):4626–4633
Schwan WR et al (2005) Down-regulation of the kps region 1 capsular assembly operon following attachment of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae to d-mannose receptors. Infect Immun 73(2):1226–1231
Schwan WR (2011) Regulation of genes in uropathogenic. World J Clin Infect Dis 1(1):17–25
Sivick KE, Mobley HL (2010) Waging war against uropathogenic Escherichia coli: winning back the urinary tract. Infect Immun 78(2):568–585
Sjostrom AE et al (2009) The SfaXII protein from newborn meningitis E. coli is involved in regulation of motility and type 1 fimbriae expression. Microb Pathog 46(5):243–252
Snyder JA et al (2005) Coordinate expression of fimbriae in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 73(11):7588–7596
Sohanpal BK et al (2007) Multiple co-regulatory elements and IHF are necessary for the control of fimB expression in response to sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in Escherichia coli K-12. Mol Microbiol 63(4):1223–1236
Staerk K et al (2015) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli express type 1 fimbriae only in surface adherent populations under physiological growth conditions. J Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv422
Stahlhut SG et al (2012) Biofilm formation of Klebsiella pneumoniae on urethral catheters requires either type 1 or type 3 fimbriae. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 65(2):350–359
Stintzi A et al (1998) Quorum-sensing and siderophore biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: lasR/lasI mutants exhibit reduced pyoverdine biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 166(2):341–345
van Leeuwen E et al (2015) Making pathogens sociable: the emergence of high relatedness through limited host invasibility. ISME J 9(10):2328
van der Woude MW (2011) Phase variation: how to create and coordinate population diversity. Curr Opin Microbiol 14(2):205–211
Wurpel DJ et al (2013) Chaperone-usher fimbriae of Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 8(1):e52835
Xia Y et al (2000) Regulatory cross-talk between adhesin operons in Escherichia coli: inhibition of type 1 fimbriae expression by the PapB protein. EMBO J 19(7):1450–1457
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by M. Kupiec.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khandige, S., Møller-Jensen, J. Fimbrial phase variation: stochastic or cooperative?. Curr Genet 62, 237–241 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-015-0529-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-015-0529-3