Abstract
Halloysite was used in its original form and also modified with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) or silicon chloride (SiCl4) for the synthesis of Ziegler–Natta catalysts supported on both magnesium chloride and halloysite. The polypropylenes synthesized with these catalysts were characterized as to their thermal properties and by dynamic mechanical measurements (DMTA). The results showed that throughout the investigated temperature range, the value of storage modulus (E′) of the PPs obtained with halloysite modified with SiCl4 was higher than that observed in the PP obtained without clay, as was the glass transition temperature. Therefore, good dispersion of natural halloysite nanotubes in the polymer matrix was obtained, as confirmed in the SEM micrographs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Paul DR, Robeson LM (2008) Polymer nanotechnology: nanocomposites. Polymer 49:3187–3204
Liaw WC, Huang PC, Chen CS, Lo CL, Chang JL (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 109:1871–1880
Wang L, He A (2015) Microstructure and thermal properties of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites with TiCl4/MgCl2/Clay compound catalyst. J Nanomaterials 2015:1–5
Du K, A-h He, F-y Bi, Han CC (2013) Synthesis of exfoliated isotactic polypropylene/functional alkyl-triphenylphosphonium-modified clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization. Chin J Polym Sci 31(11):1501–1508
Yang K, Huang Y, Dong J-Y (2007) Efficient preparation of isotactic polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites by in situ polymerization technique via a combined use of functional surfactant and metallocene catalysis. Polymer 48(21):6254–6261
Kamble R, Ghag M, Gaikawad S, Panda BK (2012) Halloysite nanotubes and applications: a review. J Adv Scient Res 3(2):25–29
Liu M, Jia Z, Jia D, Zhou C (2014) Recent advance in research on halloysite nanotubes-polymer nanocomposite. Prog Polym Sci 39(8):1498–1525
Zhao M, Liu P (2008) Halloysite nanotubes/polystyrene (HNTS/PS) nanocomposites via in situ bulk polymerization. J Thermal Anal Calorim 94(1):103–107
Lin Y, Ng KM, Chan C-M, Sun G, Wu J (2011) High-impact polystyrene/halloysite nanocomposites prepared by emulsion polymerization using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant. J Colloid Interface Sci 358(2):423–429
Zhang L, Wang T, Liu P (2008) Polyaniline-coated halloysite nanotubes via in situ chemical polymerization. Appl Surf Sci 255(5):2091–2097
Guo N, DiBenedetto SA, Kown D-K, Wang L, Russel MT, Lanagan MT, Facchetti A, Marks TJ (2007) Supported metallocene catalysis for in situ synthesis of high energy density metal oxide nanocomposites. J Am Chem Soc 129(4):766–767
Shamiri A, Chakrabarti MH, Jahan S, Hussain MA, Kaminsky W, Aravind PV, Yehye WA (2014) The influence of Ziegler–Natta and metallocene catalysts on polyolefin structure, properties, and processing ability. Materials 7:5069–5108
Tong X, Liu C, Cheng H-M, Zhao H, Yang F, Zhang X (2004) Surface modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes with polyethylene via in situ Ziegler–Natta polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 92(6):3697–3700
Panupakorn P, Chaichana E, Praserthdam P, Jongsomjit B (2013) Polyethylene/clay nanocomposites produced by in situ polymerization with zirconocene/MAO catalyst. J Nanomaterials 2013:1–9
Du M, Guo B, Jia D (2006) Thermal stability and flame retardant effects of halloysite nanotubes on poly(propylene). Eur Polym J 42(6):1362–1369
Deepak R, Agrawal YK (2012) Study of nanocomposites with emphasis to halloysite nanotubes. Rev Adv Mater Sci 32(2):149–157
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to CAPES, FAPERJ and CNPq for research funding and Imerys Tableware for donation of halloysite.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vieira Marques, M., da Silva Rosa, J.L. & da Silva, M.C.V. Nanocomposites of polypropylene with halloysite nanotubes employing in situ polymerization. Polym. Bull. 74, 2447–2464 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1848-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-016-1848-3