Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Neutrophilic dermatoses and autoinflammatory diseases with skin involvement—innate immune disorders

  • Review
  • Published:
Seminars in Immunopathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Neutrophilic dermatoses (NDs) such as Sweet’s syndrome and pyoderma gangrenosum were first described more than 50 years ago and grouped based on their clinical features combined with the typical, neutrophil-rich cutaneous inflammation. In contrast, the recently identified autoinflammatory diseases (ADs) that are also associated with neutrophil granulocyte infiltration of the skin were first characterized based on their genetic architecture. Though both the older ND and the newer AD encompass distinct conditions, they can be seen as parts of a spectrum of innate inflammation. Both groups of diseases show so many overlapping clinical, pathogenetic, histologic, and genetic features that together they should likely be considered as innate immune disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ACP5 :

Acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant

ADAR1 :

Adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific

AP1S3 :

Adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 3 subunit

CARD14 :

Caspase recruitment domain family, member 14

CARD15 :

Caspase recruitment domain family, member 15

CD2BP1 :

CD2-binding protein 1

CECR1 :

Cat eye syndrome chromosome region, candidate 1

IFIH1 :

Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1

IL1RN :

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

IL36RN :

Interleukin-36 receptor antagonist

LPIN2 :

Lipin 2

Lyn :

v-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral related oncogene homolog

MEFV :

Mediterranean fever

MVK :

Mevalonate kinase

NLRC4 :

NLR family, CARD domain containing 4

NLRP3 :

NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3

NOD2 :

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2

PSMB8 :

Proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 8 (large multifunctional peptidase 7)

PTPN6 :

Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6

RNASEH2A :

Ribonuclease H2, subunit A

RNASEH2B :

Ribonuclease H2, subunit B

RNASEH2C :

Ribonuclease H2, subunit C

SAMHD1 :

SAM domain and HD domain 1

SH3BP2 :

SH3-domain binding protein 2

SHP1 :

Nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2

TMEM173 :

Transmembrane protein 173

TNFRSF1A :

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A

TREX1 :

Three prime repair exonuclease 1

TRNT1 :

tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1

References

  1. McGonagle D, McDermott MF (2006) A proposed classification of the immunological diseases. PLoS Med 3:e297

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. McDermott MF, Aksentijevich I, Galon J et al (1999) Germline mutations in the extracellular domains of the 55 kDa TNF receptor, TNFR1, define a family of dominantly inherited autoinflammatory syndromes. Cell 97:133–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. French FMFC (1997) A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever. Nat Genet 17:25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Canna SW, Goldbach-Mansky R (2015) New monogenic autoinflammatory diseases—a clinical overview. Semin Immunopathol 37:387–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. de Jesus AA, Canna SW, Liu Y, Goldbach-Mansky R (2015) Molecular mechanisms in genetically defined autoinflammatory diseases: disorders of amplified danger signaling. Annu Rev Immunol 33:823–874

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Tanaka N, Izawa K, Saito MK et al (2011) High incidence of NLRP3 somatic mosaicism in patients with chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular syndrome: results of an international multicenter collaborative study. Arthritis Rheum 63:3625–3632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Osborne R (2009) Fresh from the biologic pipeline. Nat Biotechnol 27:222–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Aksentijevich I, Masters SL, Ferguson PJ et al (2009) An autoinflammatory disease with deficiency of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist. N Engl J Med 360:2426–2437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. de Koning HD, van Gijn ME, Stoffels M et al (2015) Myeloid lineage-restricted somatic mosaicism of NLRP3 mutations in patients with variant Schnitzler syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135:561–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. de Koning HD (2014) Schnitzler’s syndrome: lessons from 281 cases. Clinical and Translational Allergy 4:41

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kastner DL (1998) Familial Mediterranean fever: the genetics of inflammation. Hospital practice 33:31–34, 9–40, 43–6 passim

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Masters SL, Simon A, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL (2009) Horror autoinflammaticus: the molecular pathophysiology of autoinflammatory disease (*). Annu Rev Immunol 27:621–668

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Kitamura A, Sasaki Y, Abe T, Kano H, Yasutomo K (2014) An inherited mutation in NLRC4 causes autoinflammation in human and mice. J Exp Med 211:2385–2396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Drenth JP, Cuisset L, Grateau G et al (1999) Mutations in the gene encoding mevalonate kinase cause hyper-IgD and periodic fever syndrome. International Hyper-IgD Study Group Nat Genet 22:178–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Simon A, Bijzet J, Voorbij HA, Mantovani A, van der Meer JW, Drenth JP (2004) Effect of inflammatory attacks in the classical type hyper-IgD syndrome on immunoglobulin D, cholesterol and parameters of the acute phase response. J Intern Med 256:247–253

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kuijk LM, Beekman JM, Koster J, Waterham HR, Frenkel J, Coffer PJ (2008) HMG-CoA reductase inhibition induces IL-1beta release through Rac1/PI3K/PKB-dependent caspase-1 activation. Blood 112:3563–3573

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Stojanov S, Dejaco C, Lohse P et al (2007) Clinical and functional characterisation of a novel TNFRSF1A c.605T>A/V173D cleavage site mutation associated with tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS), cardiovascular complications and excellent response to etanercept treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1292–1298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Majeed HA, Kalaawi M, Mohanty D et al (1989) Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in three related children and the association with Sweet syndrome in two siblings. J Pediatr 115:730–734

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jesus AA, Osman M, Silva CA et al (2011) A novel mutation of IL1RN in the deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist syndrome: description of two unrelated cases from Brazil. Arthritis & Rheum 63:4007–4017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu Y, Jesus AA, Marrero B et al (2014) Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome. N Engl J Med 371:507–518

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Ramantani G, Kohlhase J, Hertzberg C et al (2010) Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of lupus erythematosus in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Arthritis & Rheum 62:1469–1477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kitamura A, Maekawa Y, Uehara H et al (2011) A mutation in the immunoproteasome subunit PSMB8 causes autoinflammation and lipodystrophy in humans. J Clin Invest 121:4150–4160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Lausch E, Janecke A, Bros M et al (2011) Genetic deficiency of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase associated with skeletal dysplasia, cerebral calcifications and autoimmunity. Nat Genet 43:132–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Briggs TA, Rice GI, Daly S et al (2011) Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase deficiency causes a bone dysplasia with autoimmunity and a type I interferon expression signature. Nat Genet 43:127–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kanazawa N (2004) Early-onset sarcoidosis and CARD15 mutations with constitutive nuclear factor- B activation: common genetic etiology with Blau syndrome. Blood 105:1195–1197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jordan Catherine T, Cao L, Roberson Elisha DO et al (2012) Rare and common variants in CARD14, encoding an epidermal regulator of NF-kappaB, in psoriasis. Ame J Hum Gen 90:796–808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Rigaud S, Fondanèche M-C, Lambert N et al (2006) XIAP deficiency in humans causes an X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. Nature 444:110–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Speckmann C, Lehmberg K, Albert MH et al (2013) X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency: the spectrum of presenting manifestations beyond hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Clin Immunol 149:133–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lindor NM, Arsenault TM, Solomon H, Seidman CE, McEvoy MT (1997) A new autosomal dominant disorder of pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne: PAPA syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 72:611–615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wise CA, Gillum JD, Seidman CE et al (2002) Mutations in CD2BP1 disrupt binding to PTP PEST and are responsible for PAPA syndrome, an autoinflammatory disorder. Hum Mol Genet 11:961–969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dierselhuis MP, Frenkel J, Wulffraat NM, Boelens JJ (2005) Anakinra for flares of pyogenic arthritis in PAPA syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 44:406–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Brenner M, Ruzicka T, Plewig G, Thomas P, Herzer P (2009) Targeted treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum in PAPA (pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne) syndrome with the recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra. Br J Dermatol 161:1199–1201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Alecu M, Coman G, Musetescu A, Cojoaca ME, Coman OA (2015) Dermatology facing autoinflammatory syndrome. Rev Roum de Morpho et embryol 56:7–14

    Google Scholar 

  34. Marzano AV, Ishak RS, Saibeni S, Crosti C, Meroni PL, Cugno M (2013) Autoinflammatory skin disorders in inflammatory bowel diseases, pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet’s syndrome: a comprehensive review and disease classification criteria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 45:202–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Naik HB, Cowen EW (2013) Autoinflammatory pustular neutrophilic diseases. Dermatol Clin 31:405–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhou Q, Yang D, Ombrello AK et al (2014) Early-onset stroke and vasculopathy associated with mutations in ADA2. N Engl J Med 370:911–920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Chakraborty PK, Schmitz-Abe K, Kennedy EK et al (2014) Mutations in TRNT1 cause congenital sideroblastic anemia with immunodeficiency, fevers, and developmental delay (SIFD). Blood 124:2867–2871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Wiseman DH, May A, Jolles S et al (2013) A novel syndrome of congenital sideroblastic anemia, B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay (SIFD). Blood 122:112–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Onoufriadis A, Simpson Michael A, Pink Andrew E et al (2011) Mutations in IL36RN/IL1F5 are associated with the severe episodic inflammatory skin disease known as generalized pustular psoriasis. Am J Hum Genet 89:432–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Marrakchi S, Guigue P, Renshaw BR et al (2011) Interleukin-36-receptor antagonist deficiency and generalized pustular psoriasis. New England Journal of Medicine 365:620–628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Setta-Kaffetzi N, Simpson Michael A, Navarini Alexander A et al (2014) AP1S3 mutations are associated with pustular psoriasis and impaired Toll-like receptor 3 trafficking. Am J Hum Genet 94:790–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Sibley CH, Plass N, Snow J et al (2012) Sustained response and prevention of damage progression in patients with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease treated with anakinra: a cohort study to determine three- and five-year outcomes. Arthritis & Rheumatism 64:2375–2386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhou Q, Lee G-S, Brady J et al (2012) A hypermorphic missense mutation in PLCG2, encoding phospholipase Cγ2, causes a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease with immunodeficiency. Am J Hum Genet 91:713–720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Ueki Y, Lin C-Y, Senoo M et al (2007) Increased myeloid cell responses to M-CSF and RANKL cause bone loss and inflammation in SH3BP2 “cherubism” mice. Cell 128:71–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wallach D (1991) Les dermatoses neutrophiliques. (Editorial). Presse Med 20:105–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sweet RD (1964) An acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 76:349–356

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Jo T, Horio K, Migita K (2015) Sweet’s syndrome in patients with MDS and MEFV mutations. N Engl J Med 372:686–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Miyoshi T, Yamashita K, Ohno T et al (2008) Familial Mediterranean fever gene as a possible modifier of Sweet syndrome with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Acta Haematol 120:57–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Imhof L, Meier B, Frei P et al (2015) Severe Sweet’s syndrome with elevated cutaneous interleukin-1beta after azathioprine exposure: case report and review of the literature. Dermatology 230:293–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Brunsting LA, Goeckerman WH, O’Leary PA (1930) Pyoderma (echthyma) gangrenosum: clinical and experimental observations in five cases occurring in adults. Arch Derm Syphilol 22:655–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Bennett ML, Jackson JM, Jorizzo JL, Fleischer AB, White WL, Callen JP (2000) Pyoderma gangrenosum. A comparison of typical and atypical forms with an emphasis on time to remission. Case review of 86 patients from 2 institutions. Medicine (Baltimore) 79:37–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kolios AG, Maul JT, Meier B, Kerl K, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Hertl M, Zillikens D, Röcken M, Ring J, Facchiano A, Mondino C, Yawalkar N, Contassot E, Navarini AA, French LE (2015) Canakinumab in adults with steroid-refractory pyoderma gangrenosum. Br J Dermatol. doi:10.1111/bjd.14037

  53. Caughman W, Stern R, Haynes H (1983) Neutrophilic dermatosis of myeloproliferative disorders. Atypical forms of pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet’s syndrome associated with myeloproliferative disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 9:751–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Prat L, Bouaziz JD, Wallach D, Vignon-Pennamen MD, Bagot M (2014) Neutrophilic dermatoses as systemic diseases. Clin Dermatol 32:376–388

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ahmad K, Ramsay B (2009) Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with subcorneal pustular dermatosis and IgA myeloma. Clin Exp Dermatol 34:46–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hansen U, Haerslev T, Knudsen B, Jacobsen GK (1994) Erythema elevatum diutinum: case report showing an unusual distribution. Cutis 53:124–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Chimenti S, Ackerman AB (1981) Is subcorneal pustular dermatosis of Sneddon and Wilkinson an entity sui generis? Am J Dermatopathol 3:363–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Anzalone CL, Cohen PR (2013) Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s syndrome). Curr Opin Hematol 20:26–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yasukawa K, Kato N, Aikawa K, Kodama K, Hamasaka A, Hata H (2007) Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis with sclerodermoid change heralding the relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia: is this a paraneoplastic phenomenon? Dermatology 215:261–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rochet NM, Chavan RN, Cappel MA, Wada DA, Gibson LE (2013) Sweet syndrome: clinical presentation, associations, and response to treatment in 77 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 69:557–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Larson AR, Granter SR (2014) Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated neutrophilic dermatosis—an underrecognized neutrophilic dermatosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Pathol 45:598–605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Marzano AV, Capsoni F, Berti E, Gasparini G, Bottelli S, Caputo R (1996) Amicrobial pustular dermatosis of cutaneous folds associated with autoimmune disorders: a new entity? Dermatology 193:88–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Llamas-Velasco M, García-Martín P, Sánchez-Pérez J, Fraga J, García-Diez A (2013) Sweet’s syndrome with subcutaneous involvement associated with pegfilgrastim treatment: first reported case. J Cutan Pathol 40:46–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Grelle JL, Halloush RA, Khasawneh FA. Azathioprine-induced acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s syndrome). BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013

  65. Momen SE, Jorizzo J, Al-Niaimi F (2014) Erythema elevatum diutinum: a review of presentation and treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 28:1594–1602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Park CW, Kim YJ, Seo HJ et al (2012) A case of Sweet’s syndrome in a patient with liver cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis B. Korean J Gastroenterol 59:441–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Marzano AV, Cugno M, Trevisan V et al (2010) Role of inflammatory cells, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in neutrophil-mediated skin diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 162:100–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Marzano AV, Fanoni D, Antiga E et al (2014) Expression of cytokines, chemokines and other effector molecules in two prototypic autoinflammatory skin diseases, pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet’s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 178:48–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Giasuddin AS, El-Orfi AH, Ziu MM, El-Barnawi NY (1998) Sweet’s syndrome: is the pathogenesis mediated by helper T cell type 1 cytokines? J Am Acad Dermatol 39:940–943

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Amazan E, Ezzedine K, Mossalayi MD, Taieb A, Boniface K, Seneschal J (2014) Expression of interleukin-1 alpha in amicrobial pustulosis of the skin folds with complete response to anakinra. J Am Acad Dermatol 71:e53–e56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Amano Y, Lee SW, Allison AC (1993) Inhibition by glucocorticoids of the formation of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6: mediation by decreased mRNA stability. Mol Pharmacol 43:176–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lundberg I, Kratz AK, Alexanderson H, Patarroyo M (2000) Decreased expression of interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, and cell adhesion molecules in muscle tissue following corticosteroid treatment in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 43:336–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Acquitter M, Plantin P, Kupfer I, Auvinet H, Marhadour T (2015) Anakinra improves pyoderma gangrenosum in psoriatic arthritis: a case report. Ann Intern Med 163:70–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Torrelo A, Patel S, Colmenero I et al (2010) Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 62:489–495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Liu Y, Ramot Y, Torrelo A et al (2012) Mutations in proteasome subunit beta type 8 cause chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature with evidence of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Arthritis Rheum 64:895–907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Aksentijevich I, Masters SL, Ferguson PJ et al (2009) An autoinflammatory disease with deficiency of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist. N Engl J Med 360:2426–2437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Oskay T, Anadolu R (2009) Sweet’s syndrome in familial Mediterranean fever: possible continuum of the neutrophilic reaction as a new cutaneous feature of FMF. J Cutan Pathol 36:901–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Nesterovitch AB, Gyorfy Z, Hoffman MD et al (2011) Alteration in the gene encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (PTPN6/SHP1) may contribute to neutrophilic dermatoses. Am J Pathol 178:1434–1441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. DeFilippis EM, Feldman SR, Huang WW (2015) The genetics of pyoderma gangrenosum and implications for treatment: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 172:1487–1497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland

    Alexander A. Navarini, Takashi K. Satoh & Lars E. French

Authors
  1. Alexander A. Navarini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Takashi K. Satoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lars E. French
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Alexander A. Navarini or Lars E. French.

Additional information

This submission is related to Advances in Immunodermatology - Drs. Lars French and Alexander Navarini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Navarini, A.A., Satoh, T.K. & French, L.E. Neutrophilic dermatoses and autoinflammatory diseases with skin involvement—innate immune disorders . Semin Immunopathol 38, 45–56 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-015-0549-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-015-0549-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation