Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Identifying Riparian Buffer Effects on Stream Nitrogen in Southeastern Coastal Plain Watersheds

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Within the Southeastern (SE) Coastal Plain of the U.S., numerous freshwaters and estuaries experience eutrophication with significant nutrient contributions by agricultural non-point sources (NPS). Riparian buffers are often used to reduce agricultural NPS yet the effect of buffers in the watershed is difficult to quantify. Using corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) and model averaging, we compared flow-path riparian buffer models with land use/land cover (LULC) models in 24 watersheds from the SE Coastal Plain to determine the ability of riparian buffers to reduce or mitigate stream total nitrogen concentrations (TNC). Additional models considered the relative importance of headwaters and artificial agricultural drainage in the Coastal Plain. A buffer model which included cropland and non-buffered cropland best explained stream TNC (R 2 = 0.75) and was five times more likely to be the correct model than the LULC model. The model average predicted that current buffers removed 52 % of nitrogen from the edge-of-field and 45 % of potential nitrogen from the average SE Coastal Plain watershed. On average, 26 % of stream nitrogen leaked through buffered cropland. Our study suggests that stream TNC could potentially be reduced by 34 % if buffers were adequately restored on all cropland. Such estimates provide realistic expectations of nitrogen removal via buffers to watershed managers as they attempt to meet water quality goals. In addition, model comparisons of AICc values indicated that non-headwater buffers may contribute little to stream TNC. Model comparisons also indicated that artificial drainage should be considered when accessing buffers and stream nitrogen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander RB, Boyer EW, Smith RA, Schwarz GE, Moore RB (2007) The role of headwater streams in downstream water quality. J Am Water Resour Assoc 43:41–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander RB, Smith RA, Schwarz GE, Boyer EW, Nolan JV, Brakebill JW (2008) Differences in phosphorus and nitrogen delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin. Environ Sci Technol 42:822–830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison PD (1999) Logistic regression using the SAS system: theory and application. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailly J, Lagacherie P, Millier C, Puech C, Kosuth P (2008) Agrarian landscapes linear features detection from LiDAR: application to artificial drainage networks. Int J Remote Sens 29:3489–3500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker ME, Weller DE, Jordan TE (2006) Improved methods for quantifying potential nutrient interception by riparian buffers. Landscape Ecol 21:1327–1345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker ME, Weller DE, Jordan TE (2007) Effects of stream map resolution on measures of riparian buffer distribution and nutrient retention potential. Landscape Ecol 22:973–992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brauman KA, Daily GC, Duarte TK, Mooney HA (2007) The nature and value of ecosystem services: an overview highlighting hydrologic services. Annu Rev Environ Resour 32:67–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bricker S, Longstaff B, Dennison W, Jones A, Boicourt K, Wicks C, Woerner J (2007) Effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation’s estuaries: a decade of change. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No 26 National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD, p 328

  • Brooks RT, Colburn EA (2011) Extent and channel morphology of unmapped headwater stream segments of the Quabbin Watershed, Massachusetts. J Am Water Resour Assoc 47:158–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder JM, Dickey DA, Kinder CA, Reed RE, Mallin MA, McIver MR, Cahoon LB, Melia G, Brownie C, Smith J, Deamer N, Springer J, Glasgow HB, Toms D (2006) Comprehensive trend analysis of nutrients and related variables in a large eutrophic estuary: a decadal study of anthropogenic and climatic influences. Limnol Oceanogr 51:463–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Models selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Byun D, Schere KL (2006) Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the models-3 community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Appl Mech Rev 59:51–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cape JN, Cornell SE, Jickells TD, Nemitz E (2011) Organic nitrogen in the atmosphere: where does it from? A review of sources and methods. Atmos Res 102:30–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8:559–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ciparis S, Iwanowicz LR, Voshell JR (2012) Effects of watershed densities of animal feeding operations on nutrient concentrations and estrogenic activity in agricultural streams. Sci Total Environ 414:268–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook MJ, Baker JL (2001) Bacteria and nutrient transport to tile lines shortly after application of large volumes of liquid swine manure. Trans ASAE 44:495–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumpton WG, Stenback GA, Miller BA, Helmers MJ (2006) Potential benefits of wetland filters for tile drainage systems: impact on nitrate loads to Mississippi River Subbasins. Final Project Report # IOW06682 Washington, DC, US Department of Agriculture

  • Cuadra PE, Vidon P (2011) Storm nitrogen dynamics in tile-drain flow in the US Midwest. Biogeochemistry 104:293–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David MB, Drinkwater LE, McIsaac GF (2010) Sources of nitrate yields in the Mississippi River Basin. J Environ Qual 39:1657–1667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean DM, Foran ME (1992) The effect of farm liquid waste application on tile drainage. J Soil Water Conserv 47:368–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis RL, Mathur R, Pleim JE, Walker JT (2010) Fate of ammonia emissions at the local to regional scale as simulated by the community multiscale air quality model. Atmos Pollut Res 1:207–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodds WK, Oakes RM (2008) Headwater influences on downstream water quality. Environ Manag 41:367–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dosskey MG, Helmers MJ, Eisenhauer DE, Franti TG, Hoagland KD (2002) Assessment of concentrated flow through riparian buffers. J Soil Water Conserv 57:336–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosskey MG, Helmers MJ, Eisenhauer DE (2006) An approach for using soil surveys to guide the placement of water quality buffers. J Soil Water Conserv 61:344–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert DW, Wade TG (2004) Analytical tools interface for landscape assessments (ATtiLA): user manual EPA/600/R-04/083. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans RO, Skaggs RW, Gilliam JW (1995) Controlled versus conventional drainage effects on water quality. J Irrigat Drain Eng 121:271–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd WC, Schoenholtz SH, Griffith SM, Wigington PJ Jr, Steiner JJ (2009) Nitrate-nitrogen, land use/land cover, and soil drainage associations at multiple spatial scales. J Environ Qual 38:1473–1482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW, Bekunda M, Cai Z, Freney JR, Martinelli LA, Seitzinger SP, Sutton MA (2008) Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions and potential solutions. Science 320:889–892

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow HB Jr, Burkholder JM (2000) Water quality trends and management implications from a five-year study of a eutrophic estuary. Ecol Appl 10:1024–1046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold AJ, Groffman PM, Addy K, Kellogg DQ, Stolt M, Rosenblatt AE (2001) Landscape attributes as controls on ground water nitrate removal capacity of riparian zones. J Am Water Resour Assoc 37:1457–1464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groffman PM, Butterbach-Bahl K, Fulweiler RW, Gold AJ, Morse JL, Stander EK, Tague C, Tonitto C, Vidon P (2009) Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena (hotspots and hot moments) in denitrification models. Biogeochemistry 93:49–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harden SL, Spruill TB (2008) Factors affecting nitrate delivery to streams from shallow ground water in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5021, p 39

  • Heine RA, Lant CL, Sengupta RR (2004) Development and comparison of approaches for automated mapping of stream channel networks. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 94:477–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homer C, Dewitz J, Fry J, Coan M, Hossain N, Larson C, Herold N, McKerrow A, Van Driel JN, Wickham J (2007) Completion of the 2001 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States. Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing 73:337–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoos AB, McMahon G (2009) Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes (SPARROW) and regional classification frameworks. Hydrol Process. doi:10.1002/hyp7323

  • Hoos AB, Terziotti S, McMahon G, Savvas K, Tighe KC, Alkons-Wolinsky R (2008) Data to support statistical modeling of instream nutrient load based on watershed attributes, Southeastern United States. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1163, p 50

  • Iovanna R, Hyberg S, Crumpton W (2008) Treatment wetlands; cost-effective practice for intercepting nitrate before it reaches and adversely impacts surface waters. J Soil Water Conserv 63:14A–15A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Israel DW, Showers WJ, Fountain M, Fountain J (2005) Nitrate movement in shallow ground water from swine-lagoon-effluent spray fields managed under current application regulations. J Environ Qual 34:1828–1842

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs TC, Gilliam JW (1985) Riparian losses of nitrate from agricultural drainage waters. J Environ Qual 14:472–478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LB, Richards C, Host GE, Arthur JW (1997) Landscape influences on water chemistry in Midwestern stream ecosystems. Freshw Biol 37:193–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KB, Neale AC, Nash MS, Van Remortel RD, Wickham JD, Ritters KH, O’Neill RV (2001) Predicting nutrient and sediment loadings to streams from landscape metrics: a multiple watershed study from the United States Mid-Atlantic Region. Landscape Ecol 16:301–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karr JD, Showers WJ, Gilliam W, Andres AS (2001) Tracing nitrate transport and environmental impact from intensive swine farming using delta nitrogen-15. J Environ Qual 30:1163–1175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg RL, Lander CH, Moffitt DC, Gollehon N (2000) Manure nutrients relative to the capacity of cropland and pastureland to assimilate nutrients: spatial and temporal trends for the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service and Economic Research Service, Washington, DC

  • Kellogg DQ, Gold AJ, Cox S, Addy K, August PV (2010) A geospatial approach for assessing denitrification sinks within lower-order catchments. Ecol Eng 36:1596–1606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang M, McDonough O, McCarty G, Oesterling R, Wilen B (2012) Enhanced detection of wetland-stream connectivity using LiDAR. Wetlands 32:461–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Weller DE, Correll DL, Jordan TE (2000) Effects of land cover and geology on stream chemistry in watersheds of Chesapeake Bay. J Am Water Resour Assoc 36:1349–1365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe WH, Likens GE (2005) Moving headwaters to the head of the class. Bioscience 55:196–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowrance R, Altier RS, Newbold JD, Schnabel RR, Groffman PM, Denver JM, Correll DL, Gilliam JW, Robinson JL, Brinsfield RB, Staver KW, Lucas W, Todd AH (1997) Water quality functions of riparian forest buffer systems in Chesapeake Bay Watersheds. Environ Manag 21:687–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallin MA, Cahoon LB (2003) Industrialized animal production: a major source of nutrient and microbial pollution to aquatic ecosystems. Popul Environ 24:369–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer PM, Reynolds SK Jr, McCutchen MD, Canfield TJ (2007) Meta-analysis of nitrogen removal in riparian buffers. J Environ Qual 36:1172–1180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn BL, Seibert J (2003) Distributed assessment of contributing area and riparian buffering along stream networks. Water Resour Res 39:1082. doi:10.1029/2002WR001521

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon G, Woodside MD (1997) Nutrient mass balance for the Albemarle–Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia, 1990. J Am Water Resour Assoc 33:573–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon G, Alexander RB, Qian S (2003) Support of total maximum daily load programs using spatially referenced regression models. J Water Resour Plan Manag ASCE 129:315–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (2000) Clean coastal waters: understanding and reducing the effects of nutrient pollution. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Naz B, Bowling LC (2008) A decision analysis system for mapping of subsurface drainage systems. Trans ASABE 51:1937–1950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naz BS, Ale S, Bowling LC (2009) Detecting subsurface drainage systems and estimating drain spacing in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. Agric Water Manag 96:627–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newbold JD, Herbert S, Sweeney BW, Kiry P, Alberts SJ (2010) Water quality functions of a 15-year-old riparian forest buffer system. J Am Water Resour Assoc 46:299–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) (2007) North Carolina Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) annual report 2007. http://www.enr.state.nc.us/dswc/pages/CREP2007AnnualReport.pdf. Accessed 22 April 2011

  • Omernik JM (2004) Perspectives on the nature and definition of ecological regions. Environ Manage 34:S27–S38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne LL, Wiley MJ (1988) Empirical relationships between land use/cover and stream water quality in an agricultural watershed. J Environ Manag 26:9–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Pankau RC, Schoonover JE, Williard KWJ, Edwards PJ (2012) Concentrated flow paths in riparian buffer zones of southern Illinois. Agrofor Syst 84:191–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrolina DR, Gowda PH (2006) Missing the boat: Midwest farm drainage and the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. Rev Agric Econ 28:240–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall GW, Goss MJ (2008) Nitrate losses to surface water through subsurface, tile drainage. In: Hatfield JL, Follett RF (eds) Nitrogen in the environment: sources, problems, and management, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 145–176

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Randall GW, Iragavarapu TK, Schmitt MA (2000) Nutrient losses in subsurface drainage water from dairy manure and urea applied for corn. J Environ Qual 29:1244–1252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Read JJ, Brink GE, Adeli A, McGowen SL (2008) Swine effluent application timing and rate affect nitrogen use efficiency in common bermudagrass. J Environ Qual 37:S180–S189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt AE, Gold AJ, Stolt MH, Groffman PM, Kellogg DQ (2001) Identifying riparian sinks for watershed nitrate using soil surveys. J Environ Qual 30:1596–1604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberger MB, Burkholder JM, Brownie C (2009) Long-term effects of changing land use practices on surface water quality in a coastal river and lagoonal estuary. Environ Manage 44:505–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy AH, Byvas AL, Fritz KM, Lubbers HR (2009) Urbanization affects the extent and hydrologic permanence of headwater streams in a Midwestern US metropolitan area. J North Am Benthol Soc 28:911–928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Royall RM (1997) Statistical evidence: a likelihood paradigm. Chapman and Hall, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Royer TV, David MB, Gentry LE (2006) Timing of riverine export of nitrate and phosphorus from agricultural watersheds in Illinois: implications for reducing nutrient loading to the Mississippi River. Environ Sci Technol 40:4126–4131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwede DB, Dennis RL, Bitz MA (2009) The watershed deposition tool: a tool for incorporating atmospheric deposition in water-quality analyses. J Am Water Resour Assoc 45:973–985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singha R, Helmers MJ, Crumpton WG, Lemke DW (2007) Predicting effects of drainage water management in Iowa’s subsurface drained landscapes. Agric Water Manag 92:162–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan AJ, Gilliam JW, Parsons JE, Mikkelsen RL, Riley RC (1999) Ground water nitrate depletion in a swine-lagoon effluent-irrigated pasture and adjacent riparian area. J Soil Water Conserv 54:651–656

    Google Scholar 

  • State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group (2009) An urgent call to action: Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group. http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/nutrients/upload/2009_08_27_criteria_nutrient_nitgreport.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2011

  • Stone KC, Hunt PG, Humenik FJ, Johnson MH (1998) Impact of swine waste application on groundwater and stream water quality in an eastern Coastal Plain watershed. Trans ASAE 41:1665–1670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone KC, Hunt PG, Novak JM, Johnson MH, Watts DW, Humenik FJ (2004) Stream nitrogen changes in an eastern Coastal Plain watershed. J Soil Water Conserv 59:66–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Stow CA, Borsuk ME, Stanley DW (2001) Long-term changes in watershed nutrient inputs and riverine exports in the Neuse River, North Carolina. Water Res 35:1489–1499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strahler AN (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Trans the Am Geophys Union 8:913–920

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugg Z (2007) Assessing US farm drainage: Can GIS lead to better estimates of subsurface drainage extent? http://pdf.wri.org/assessing_farm_drainage.pdf. Accessed 2 Aug 2010

  • Sutton AJ, Fisher TR, Gustafson AB (2009) Effects of restored stream buffers on water quality in no-tidal streams in the Choptank River Basin. Water Air Soil Pollut. doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0152-3

  • Tesoriero AJ, Spruill TB, Mew HE Jr, Farrell KM, Harden SL (2005) Nitrogen transport and transformations in a coastal plain watershed: influence of geomorphology on flow paths and residence times. Water Resour Res 41:W02008. doi:10.1029/2003WR002953

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesoriero AJ, Duff JH, Wolock DM, Spahr NE (2009) Identifying pathways and processes affecting nitrate and orthophosphate inputs to streams in agricultural watersheds. J Environ Qual 38:1892–1900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomer MD, Locke MA (2011) The challenge of documenting water quality benefits of conservation practices: a review of USDA-ARS’s conservation effects assessment project watershed studies. Water Sci Technol 64:300–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomer MD, James DE, Isenhart TM (2003) Optimizing the placement of riparian practices in watershed using terrain analysis. J Soil Water Conserv 58:198–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomer MD, Dosskey MG, Burkhart MR, James DE, Helmers MJ, Eisenhauer DE (2009) Methods to prioritize placement of riparian buffers for improved water quality. Agrofor Syst 75:17–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner RE, Rabalais NN (1991) Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century. Bioscience 41:140–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) (2009) 2007 Census of Agriculture. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/. Accessed 17 Aug 2010

  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2008) Compiled CAFO NPDES Regulations and Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards. USEPA Washington, DC, p 44

  • Vidon PGF, Hill AR (2006) A landscape-based approach to estimate riparian hydrological and nitrate removal functions. J Am Water Resour Assoc 42:1099–1112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidon P, Allan C, Burns D, Duval TP, Gurwick N, Inamdar S, Lowrance R, Okay J, Scott D, Sebestyen S (2010) Hot spots and hot moments in riparian zones: potential for improved water quality management. J Am Water Resour Assoc 46:278–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM, Aber J, Howarth RW, Likens GE, Matson PA, Schindler DW, Schlesinger WH, Tilman GD (1997) Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences. Ecol Appl 7:737–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Weldon MB, Hornbuckle KC (2006) Concentrated animal feeding operations, row crops, and their relationship to nitrate in Eastern Iowa Rivers. Environ Sci Technol 40:3168–3173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weller DE, Jordan TE, Correll DL, Liu Z (2003) Effects of land-use change on nutrient discharges from the Patuxent River watershed. Estuaries 26:244–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weller DE, Baker MA, Jordan TE (2011) Effects of riparian buffers on nitrate concentrations in watershed discharges: new models and management implications. Ecol Appl 21:1679–1695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen SC, DeBerardinis JT (2007) Nitrogen mass balance in fields irrigated with liquid swine waste. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 78:37–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young EO, Briggs RD (2005) Shallow ground water nitrate-N and ammonium-N in cropland and riparian buffers. Agric Ecosyst Environ 109:297–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young EO, Briggs RD (2007) Nitrogen dynamics among cropland and riparian buffers. J Environ Qual 36:801–814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors greatly appreciate the data and assistance provided by Anne Hoos and others within the USGS Southeast SPARROW project. We thank Robin Dennis for CMAQ data and his input and Michael Jackson, Caroline Erikson, and Donald Ebert for advice and help with GIS work. We thank Megan Mehaffey, Matthew Baker, anonymous reviewers, and editors for their thoughtful comments on previous drafts. This project was supported by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 944 E. Harmon Ave, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA

    Jay R. Christensen & Maliha S. Nash

  2. National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NV, 27711, USA

    Anne Neale

Authors
  1. Jay R. Christensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maliha S. Nash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anne Neale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jay R. Christensen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Christensen, J.R., Nash, M.S. & Neale, A. Identifying Riparian Buffer Effects on Stream Nitrogen in Southeastern Coastal Plain Watersheds. Environmental Management 52, 1161–1176 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0151-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0151-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation