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Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena (hotspots and hot moments) in denitrification models

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Abstract

Denitrification, the anaerobic reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogenous gases, is an extremely challenging process to measure and model. Much of this challenge arises from the fact that small areas (hotspots) and brief periods (hot moments) frequently account for a high percentage of the denitrification activity that occurs in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, we describe the prospects for incorporating hotspot and hot moment phenomena into denitrification models in terrestrial soils, the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and in aquatic ecosystems. Our analysis suggests that while our data needs are strongest for hot moments, the greatest modeling challenges are for hotspots. Given the increasing availability of high temporal frequency climate data, models are promising tools for evaluating the importance of hot moments such as freeze-thaw cycles and drying/rewetting events. Spatial hotspots are less tractable due to our inability to get high resolution spatial approximations of denitrification drivers such as carbon substrate. Investigators need to consider the types of hotspots and hot moments that might be occurring at small, medium, and large spatial scales in the particular ecosystem type they are working in before starting a study or developing a new model. New experimental design and heterogeneity quantification tools can then be applied from the outset and will result in better quantification and more robust and widely applicable denitrification models.

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Acknowledgments

This paper is a product of a workshop on Denitrification Modeling Across Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Marine Systems, held November 28–30, 2006, at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, with support from the Denitrification Research Coordination Network of the National Science Foundation (NSF), award DEB0443439 and the Northeastern States Research Cooperative (Grant # 02-CA-11242343-105). The work was also supported by NSF Grant DEB 0614158.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box AB, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA

    Peter M. Groffman

  2. Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

    Klaus Butterbach-Bahl

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Robinson W. Fulweiler

  4. Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA

    Arthur J. Gold

  5. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Jennifer L. Morse

  6. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08904, USA

    Emilie K. Stander

  7. Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA

    Christina Tague

  8. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA

    Christina Tonitto

  9. Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 723 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5132, USA

    Philippe Vidon

Authors
  1. Peter M. Groffman
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  2. Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
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  3. Robinson W. Fulweiler
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  4. Arthur J. Gold
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  5. Jennifer L. Morse
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  6. Emilie K. Stander
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  7. Christina Tague
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  8. Christina Tonitto
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  9. Philippe Vidon
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter M. Groffman.

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Groffman, P.M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Fulweiler, R.W. et al. Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena (hotspots and hot moments) in denitrification models. Biogeochemistry 93, 49–77 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9277-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9277-5

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