Abstract
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the fourth in terms of cancer-related mortality globally. Herein, in this research, we attempted to develop a novel immune-related gene signature that could predict survival and efficacy of immunotherapy for HCC patients.
Methods
The transcriptomic and clinical data of HCC samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE14520 datasets, followed by acquiring immune-related genes from the ImmPort database. Afterwards, an immune-related gene-based prognostic index (IRGPI) was constructed using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression model. Kaplan–Meier survival curves as well as time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were performed to evaluate its predictive capability. Besides, both univariate and multivariate analyses on overall survival for the IRGPI and multiple clinicopathologic factors were carried out, followed by the construction of a nomogram. Finally, we explored the possible correlation of IRGPI with immune cell infiltration or immunotherapy efficacy.
Results
Analysis of 365 HCC samples identified 11 differentially expressed immune-related genes, which were selected to establish the IRGPI. Notably, it can predict the survival of HCC patients more accurately than published biomarkers. Furthermore, IRGPI can predict the infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of HCC, as well as the response of immunotherapy.
Conclusion
Collectively, the currently established IRGPI can accurately predict survival, reflect the immune microenvironment, and predict the efficacy of immunotherapy among HCC patients.
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Abbreviations
- ALT:
-
Alanine transferase
- AUC:
-
Area under curve
- BP:
-
Biological process
- CC:
-
Cellular component
- CIs:
-
Confidence intervals
- DAVID:
-
Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
- DEG:
-
Differentially expressed gene
- DEIRG:
-
Differentially expressed immune-related gene
- FDR:
-
False discovery rate
- GEO:
-
Gene Expression Omnibus
- GO:
-
Gene Ontology
- HCC:
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HRs:
-
Hazard ratios
- ICI:
-
Immune checkpoint inhibitor
- ImmPort:
-
Immunology Database and Analysis Portal
- IPS:
-
Immunophenoscore
- IRG:
-
Immune-related gene
- IRGPI:
-
Immune-related gene-based prognostic index
- KEGG:
-
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- K-M:
-
Kaplan–Meier
- LASSO:
-
Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator
- MAF:
-
Mutation Annotation Format
- MF:
-
Molecular function
- MX:
-
Unknown M stage
- NX:
-
Unknown N stage
- OS:
-
Overall survival
- ROC:
-
Receiver operating characteristic
- TCGA:
-
The Cancer Genome Atlas
- TCIA:
-
The Cancer Immunome Atlas
- TIME:
-
Tumor immune microenvironment
- TMB:
-
Tumor mutation burden
- TX:
-
Unknown T stage
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Funding
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81673460) and Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2020JDTD0022).
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YD, WQ and DW conceived the study; YD, WQ, KL, XL and DW designed the experiments; YD performed the experiments; YD and WQ wrote the manuscript; KL, YG, XL and DW edited the manuscript; and all authors read and gave final approval to submit the manuscript.
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Dai, Y., Qiang, W., Lin, K. et al. An immune-related gene signature for predicting survival and immunotherapy efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 70, 967–979 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-020-02743-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-020-02743-0