Abstract
Preneoplastic lesions are more common than clinical cancer and define a population at increased risk for the development of malignancy. Recent studies suggest that the immune system has the capacity to recognize these lesions, and enrichment of preneoplasia-specific immune effectors can be detected in the tumor bed of some preneoplastic lesions such as monoclonal gammopathies. Here, I discuss the promise and challenges of harnessing the immune response against preneoplasia. Approaches to boost the natural host response to these lesions may have a major impact on reducing net cancer burden.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bissell MJ, Radisky D (2001) Putting tumours in context. Nat Rev Cancer 1:46–54
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57–70
Ma XJ, Salunga R, Tuggle JT, Gaudet J, Enright E, McQuary P, Payette P, Pistone M, Stecker K, Zhang BM, Zhou YX, Varnholt H, Smith B, Gadd M, Chatfield E, Kessler J, Baer TM, Erlander MG, Sgroi DC (2003) Gene expression profiles of human breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:5974–5979
Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR (2003) A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat Genet 33:49–54
Fonseca R, Bailey RJ, Ahmann GJ, Rajkumar SV, Hoyer JD, Lust JA, Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Greipp PR, Dewald GW (2002) Genomic abnormalities in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood 100:1417–1424
Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL (2002) Multiple myeloma: evolving genetic events and host interactions. Nat Rev Cancer 2:175–187
Radisky DC, Bissell MJ (2004) Cancer: respect thy neighbor! Science 303:775–777
Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV (1999) Monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 13:1181–1202
Dhodapkar MV, Krasovsky J, Olson K (2002) T cells from the tumor microenvironment of patients with progressive myeloma can generate strong tumor specific cytolytic responses to autologous tumor loaded dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:13009–13013
Dhodapkar MV, Krasovsky J, Osman K, Geller MD (2003) Vigorous premalignancy specific effector T cell response in the bone marrow of patients with preneoplastic gammopathy. J Exp Med 198:1753–1757
Guerry DT, Alexander MA, Elder DE, Herlyn MF (1987) Interferon-gamma regulates the T cell response to precursor nevi and biologically early melanoma. J Immunol 139:305–312
Kao H, Marto JA, Hoffmann TK, Shabanowitz J, Finkelstein SD, Whiteside TL, Hunt DF, Finn OJ (2001) Identification of cyclin B1 as a shared human epithelial tumor-associated antigen recognized by T cells. J Exp Med 194:1313–1323
Soria JC, Jang SJ, Khuri FR, Hassan K, Liu D, Hong WK, Mao L (2000) Overexpression of cyclin B1 in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical implication. Cancer Res 60:4000–4004
Finn OJ (2003) Premalignant lesions as targets for cancer vaccines. J Exp Med 198:1623–1626
Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (2002) Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 3:991–998
Shankaran V, Ikeda H, Bruce AT, White JM, Swanson PE, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (2001) IFN-gamma and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature 410:1107–1111
Prehn RT (1994) Stimulatory effects of immune reactions upon growths of untransplanted tumors. Cancer Res 54:908–914
Daniel D, Meyer-Morse N, Bergsland EK, Dehne K, Coussens LM, Hanahan D (2003) Immune enhancement of skin carcinogenesis by CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 197:1017–1028
Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420:860–867
Pardoll D (2003) Does the immune system see tumors as foreign or self? Annu Rev Immunol 21:807–839
Yu P, Lee Y, Liu W, Chin RK, Wang J, Wang Y, Schietinger A, Philip M, Schreiber H, Fu YX (2004) Priming of naive T cells inside tumors leads to eradication of established tumors. Nat Immunol 5:141–149
Spiotto MT, Rowley DA, Schreiber H (2004) Bystander elimination of antigen loss variants in established tumors. Nat Med 10:294–298
Calogero RA, Musiani P, Forni G, Cavallo F (2004) Towards a long-lasting immune prevention of HER2 mammary carcinomas: directions from transgenic mice. Cell Cycle 3:1–4
Quaglino E, Rolla S, Iezzi M, Spadaro M, Musiani P, De Giovanni C, Lollini PL, Lanzardo S, Forni G, Sanges R, Crispi S, De Luca P, Calogero R, Cavallo F (2004) Concordant morphologic and gene expression data show that a vaccine halts HER-2/neu preneoplastic lesions. J Clin Invest 113:709–717
Quaglino E, Iezzi M, Mastini C, Amici A, Pericle F, Di Carlo E, Pupa SM, De Giovanni C, Spadaro M, Curcio C, Lollini PL, Musiani P, Forni G, Cavallo F (2004) Electroporated DNA vaccine clears away multifocal mammary carcinomas in her-2/neu transgenic mice. Cancer Res 64:2858–2864
Spadaro M, Lanzardo S, Curcio C, Forni G, Cavallo F (2004) Immunological inhibition of carcinogenesis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 53:204–216
Boggio K, Nicoletti G, Di Carlo E, Cavallo F, Landuzzi L, Melani C, Giovarelli M, Rossi I, Nanni P, De Giovanni C, Bouchard P, Wolf S, Modesti A, Musiani P, Lollini PL, Colombo MP, Forni G (1998) Interleukin 12-mediated prevention of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas in two lines of Her-2/neu transgenic mice. J Exp Med 188:589–596
Soares MM, Mehta V, Finn OJ (2001) Three different vaccines based on the 140-amino acid MUC1 peptide with seven tandemly repeated tumor-specific epitopes elicit distinct immune effector mechanisms in wild-type versus MUC1-transgenic mice with different potential for tumor rejection. J Immunol 166:6555–6563
Iinuma T, Homma S, Noda T, Kufe D, Ohno T, Toda G (2004) Prevention of gastrointestinal tumors based on adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutation by dendritic cell vaccine. J Clin Invest 113:1307–1317
Van Dyke T, Jacks T (2002) Cancer modeling in the modern era: progress and challenges. Cell 108:135–144
Hingorani SR, Petricoin EF, Maitra A, Rajapakse V, King C, Jacobetz MA, Ross S, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Hitt BA, Kawaguchi Y, Johann D, Liotta LA, Crawford HC, Putt ME, Jacks T, Wright CV, Hruban RH, Lowy AM, Tuveson DA (2003) Preinvasive and invasive ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse. Cancer Cell 4:437–450
Rangarajan A, Weinberg RA (2003) Opinion: comparative biology of mouse versus human cells: modelling human cancer in mice. Nat Rev Cancer 3:952–959
Mestas J, Hughes CC (2004) Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology. J Immunol 172:2731–2738
Gilboa E (1999) How tumors escape immune destruction and what we can do about it. Cancer Immunol Immunother 48:382–385
Marincola FM, Jaffee EM, Hicklin DJ, Ferrone S (2000) Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: molecular mechanisms and functional significance. Adv Immunol 74:181–273
Gabrilovich D, Ishida T, Oyama T, Ran S, Kravtsov V, Nadaf S, Carbone DP (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits the development of dendritic cells and dramatically affects the differentiation of multiple hematopoietic lineages in vivo. Blood 92:4150–4166
Steinman RM, Hawiger D, Liu K, Bonifaz L, Bonnyay D, Mahnke K, Iyoda T, Ravetch J, Dhodapkar M, Inaba K, Nussenzweig M (2003) Dendritic cell function in vivo during the steady state: a role in peripheral tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 987:15–25
Delon J, Stoll S, Germain RN (2002) Imaging of T-cell interactions with antigen presenting cells in culture and in intact lymphoid tissue. Immunol Rev 189:51–63
O’Shaughnessy JA, Kelloff GJ, Gordon GB, Dannenberg AJ, Hong WK, Fabian CJ, Sigman CC, Bertagnolli MM, Stratton SP, Lam S, Nelson WG, Meyskens FL, Alberts DS, Follen M, Rustgi AK, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Scardino PT, Gazdar AF, Wattenberg LW, Sporn MB, Sakr WA, Lippman SM, Von Hoff DD (2002) Treatment and prevention of intraepithelial neoplasia: an important target for accelerated new agent development. Clin Cancer Res 8:314–346
Blattman JN, Greenberg PD (2004) Cancer immunotherapy: a treatment for the masses. Science 305:200–205
Stolina M, Sharma S, Lin Y, Dohadwala M, Gardner B, Luo J, Zhu L, Kronenberg M, Miller PW, Portanova J, Lee JC, Dubinett SM (2000) Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 restores antitumor reactivity by altering the balance of IL-10 and IL-12 synthesis. J Immunol 164:361–370
Radisky D, Hagios C, Bissell MJ (2001) Tumors are unique organs defined by abnormal signaling and context. Semin Cancer Biol 11:87–95
Steinman RM, Dhodapkar M (2001) Active immunization against cancer with dendritic cells: the near future. Int J Cancer 94:459–473
Banchereau J, Palucka AK, Dhodapkar M, Burkeholder S, Taquet N, Rolland A, Taquet S, Coquery S, Wittkowski KM, Bhardwaj N, Pineiro L, Steinman R, Fay J (2001) Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res 61:6451–6458
Heath WR, Carbone FR (2001) Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 19:47–64
Ferlazzo G, Munz C (2004) NK cell compartments and their activation by dendritic cells. J Immunol 172:1333–1339
Fujii SI, Shimuzu K, Kronenberg M, Steinman RM (2002) Prolonged interferon-g producing NKT responses induced with a-galactosyl ceramide loaded dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 3:867–874
Simon RM, Steinberg SM, Hamilton M, Hildesheim A, Khleif S, Kwak LW, Mackall CL, Schlom J, Topalian SL, Berzofsky JA (2001) Clinical trial designs for the early clinical development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. J Clin Oncol 19:1848–1854
Gjertsen BT, Bruserud O (2004) How should clinical data be included in experimental studies of cancer immunology? Cancer Immunol Immunother 53:677–680
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Dr Ralph M. Steinman for critical reading of the manuscript and many helpful suggestions. This paper was supported in part by funds from the National Institutes of Health, Dana Foundation, Irma T. Hirschl Foundation, Irene Diamond Foundation, Fund to Cure Myeloma, and Damon Runyon Cancer Research Fund.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dhodapkar, M.V. Harnessing host immune responses to preneoplasia: promise and challenges. Cancer Immunol Immunother 54, 409–413 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-004-0607-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-004-0607-8